tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43750276015018614752024-03-26T13:49:53.506-07:00Platophilosophyf3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.comBlogger217125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-89794414619494732702021-10-14T15:15:00.005-07:002021-10-14T22:41:36.354-07:00NIAC 2021 - Lunar CraterRadio Telescope<p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Saptarshi Bandyopadhyay</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Lunar CraterRadio Telescope (LXRT) on the far side of the moon</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Showing with wavelengths are colored 10-100m wavelength band that is 3-30 MHz radio frequency band</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Isolation of LCRT from earths noise wavelengths greater than 10 MHz have not been explored by humans, this telescope will measure 3-30MHz</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The Moon provides shedding against noise from earth, hence far side</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This will be the largest filled aperture telescope in the solar system</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The idea has been around since the 1950s</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Lunar Arecibo type …</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Technical challenges section of lunar craters…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Selection.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Aricebo type</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Selection of image by royal society</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1km diameter deployable reflector</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Side view of the concept</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Philosophical transactions of the royal society…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Hubble looks at the midrange, there is no data on the nature of the cosmic dark ages, this telescope will fill the gap</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Nobel prizes on cosmetology - improves on former cosmelogical models</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Spatial structure and fluctuations of the redshifted hyperfine transition of hydrogen, like teen meters or more spectral shape and polarization needed to extract the signal are all known</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Going towards the left on this plot are supposed to arrive the dotted line is the best astro-free theoretical model, different models have been proposed</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This will collect data from the dark ages</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This is 5 times greater than the signal used to extract the foreground signal galactic with altitudes on the moon</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This cable shows ….</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Lunar crater selection there are over 82k craters in just 3-5 km diameter range that are appropriate</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We chose the cradter at 9…x169…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Selector wire mesh design is stronger and may be lifted due to low gravity</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The spacing must be less than min theta over 4</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Variable mass concepts where linear density of cosin … x/ pocosin x</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Parabolic mesh equation spans six orders of magnitude, the computational challenge of designing such a mess is tough</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Four interdisciplinary constraints:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Structural and thermal analysis - prove loads and temp data can be survived</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Deployment from stored configuration</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Radio frequency performance</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Launch mass and launch loads</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Current work: design reflector that simultaneously satisfies constraints</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The gravity and thermal loads are mapped</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The change in temperature in the night is only 10K</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We chose 16 lift wires …and 4 lift wires…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Next we focus on the RF performance, from 13 MHz …</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Understanding the three docs is important</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Performance of the periodic antenna will be improved in phase two</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Concept of operations</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Earth to moon, landing on moon, antenna prep, deployment, data collection….</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Three options on the right CONOPS trade space so the decision to use rovers or robots, increased rovers reduces construction time, and the times depend on lighting, terrain and loads</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Packaging of reflector</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Deploy lift wires</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Anchor</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Lift and deploy mesh</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We went thorugh different options</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Quasi static deployment</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Final free deployment, each can be used effectively</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The wire mesh would be a suitable lunar crater</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: mechanical challenges to the deployment of the system as a whole? Rovers going out and tension for the cable as a whole, what sort of delivery system will we be looking at?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: combined masses of 5-6 metric tons, we are keeping an eye out on starship, this has the capability of taking a hundred metric ton payload and this is something we will actively investigate in phase ii</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: can the parabolic method work in the visible regime?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: theoretically yes, but you need increased magnification and in practice this would never be useable.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: can you talk more about the science objectives here?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the neutral hydrogen at 21 cm release of photons, and that has been released say 13 billion years ago, this increases all the way to 10 meters or more. Why are we trying to observe? We really don’t understand dark energy and dark matter, and the rest is all dark energy and dark matter. There should have been more antimatter, and suddenly it vanished, there are lots of cosmological concepts, and we want to collect data that would throw a light at these questions, we would be able to understand these energy changes in our human society, think of a hundred years ago</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: general speaking about the advantages of a lunar telescope<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>as oppose to one on earth. The ionosphere blocks these wavelengths and you could potentially put something back on earth and potentially override that over super long periods of time. Even if you want to put something on our topic, with hundreds of meters scale, that is why earth is really not a good idea. The lunar<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>far side is a great place. Everyone wants to put something on the lunar surface, we would need additional shielding… for most of the orbit there would be exposure to radiation noise from earth. We want to make sure that our research answers one of the big unknowns, but we have remaining questions</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q:what about a rover instead of harpoons or driving through the crater itself?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: we did not invest in different robot designs, because we already have two miracles in function.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: how does the thermal cycle affect the lunar cycle?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: you do not want the change of the temperature to affect the telescope.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: acknowledgements</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: lots of good astronomers on the team</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-78277221450505164412021-10-14T15:14:00.002-07:002021-10-14T15:14:15.385-07:00NIAC 2021 - PEDALS<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Patrick McGarey</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">PEDALS</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Passively Expanding Dipole Array for Lunar Sounding</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Develop a mission architecture for a low-cost roll- out antenna array to conduct a multi resolution multi path survey of the moons crustal stratigraphy</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Multi static radar probing from the regolith through the crust</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Better integration time, noise and resolution v SOTA</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This is accomplished by … and architecture</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Stratigraphy and lateral variations tell the story of lunar formation, volcanic history and evolution and impact history</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This instrument should address all aspects of stratigraphy</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Configured on the fly for much greater depth than state of the art precedent</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Maximum resolution of .5 m can be achieved with Pedals</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Penetration depth of greater than 10m depth resolution of one meter</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">While at greater than 600 meters the depth resolution must be over ten meters</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A number of tethers can hold dipole antennas and probe from meters to km in depth, particular aspects of the tether to share</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Linear dipoles can be coupled or coliniear for multiple dipoles</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">No matching circuit is needed</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The minimum attena length can allow no further resolution</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Combining antenna to change the resonant frequency, it allows the network to tune the frequency of each<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Couple able linear dipoles analysis are demonstrated in models as shown on the right</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Different parts of the antennas at different times</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Negative or positive instances of reactions, inductive and capacitive reactions on the right</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Behavior of the antenna across frequency, now lets consider the methods for deployment</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Low mass</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Volume efficient</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Robust to obstacles</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Long distances</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The system must be elastic and that means a passive system, like a roll of tape that unrolls naturally, whether we are unrolling or unspooling or unfolding like a scaffold</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ever played with a tape measure and let it rip, the rate limiter or controlled approach<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Stability controls - damping/friction</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Contacted by a company that makes coinable booms that loaned<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>a sample</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">How likely that pedal will encounter an imassable rock?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Use of a formula to find what number of rocks might represent there</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What is the probability for success? Think about it like 100 m</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Almost four km or we need to design/plan for obstacle avoidance</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Test a coilable boom design from opterus</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what are the biggest challenges with obstacle avoidance?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the primary thing is that idea of not wanting to avoid rocks, just have this thing happen passively… significantly offset the science goals, for instance use the tape with something like an outrigger vs. the tape just unrolling itself, we would id all of those trades for a future mission</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: Loop design?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: same thing, but a substrate of the tether, essentially three tethers where the sun can be used to unroll them, in any geometry that you actually want, even a meter wide. The challenge is how to imprint that loop on that tape vs. tune the frequency… fixed resonant frequency</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: boom arms is there room for that here?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the boom is complementary it is essentially our tape, the idea of reaching our distances is what we are both after, this is where the NIAC community would share our identities and there is encouragement to see what to do next with it</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: large rocks and according adjustments?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: a nice way to do it would be to stick the payload on the lunar lander as the train is coming down, no way to stop either of these from happening…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: deployment?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: might be beneficial to have a loop and be with them passively and touch the surface of what these things could do</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: the way that dipoles and radars work,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: if you have a void you have an absence of material and the Pavone mission to explore the lunar cave, we don’t know that it is a cave</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: goals?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: cost effective and minimally robust, looking at the lunar swirl area on minor gamma, we want simple awesome science</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-47668574156345147482021-10-14T15:12:00.003-07:002021-10-14T15:12:37.178-07:00NIAC 2021 - ReachBot<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Marco Pavone</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Stanford University</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">ReachBot: A Small Robot for Large Mobile Manipulation Tasks in Martian Cave Environments</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">ASL BDML earth and planetary surfaces group</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Problem increasing reach and strength usually scales poorly with mass and complexity</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Small robots are limited to small reachable wrkspace and wrench capability</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Increasing reach and strength usually scales poorly with mass and complexity</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Small robots are limited to small reachable workspaces</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Enabling technology including extendable booms as controllable prismatic joints</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Solar sails, panels, or camera booths</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">These booms have strong concise time</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">These can achieve extreme …</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Feasibility challenges</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Specific context of a martian cave exploration, focusing on noachian era targets</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Maximize reachable and wrench workspaces</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Positions shoulders and maintenance…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Creepers must be high weight, and must adapt and be both small and large</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Control in motion changing policies</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We aim to redeem robust control and motion planning</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Finally natural mission for exploration and sampling of martian caves</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Reliable lightweight surface grasping solutions</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Inspiration from the fee of dexterous directionality</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Instead of having fingers, we would use booms that provide pull</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">First hardware prototype provides unlimited banding and booms for the space structures</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Retracting anchor arms allow the booms to provide movement</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Early finding from the prototype using force control to prevent buckling and minimize oscillations</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">System level design considerations , degree of freedom for the consideration of the joints</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">How reachbot would explore the geometry of the given cave’s geometry</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Do feasible trajectories exist then iterate on the process</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This process will eventually lead to the second generation</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: payload</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the robot will have a number of sensors including cameras and microscopes, this is quite scalable that n engineer is looking at the tradeoffs… the instruments that have been discussed remain a question of tradeoff and imagine cameras and hypo spectral cameras in the near infrared and the thermal infrared miniaturize it enough to fit on the robot</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: compatible with robotic armor in caves</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: asteroids and comets and in the context of assistance robots for a number of tasks, we are focusing on the caves</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: grippers for all surfaces or just for rocks?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: made for rock surfaces and knew that other robotic … had consequences no confinement to working in rocky terrain, in adhesive grippers with smooth materials, terrain such as caves where the competitive advantages such as this can shine, the grippers should be light and take load comparable to what the booms can support, up to tens of kg at most. At the strength of the rock strippers as well…<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: rock debris at the spooling of the arm?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: definitely a big challenge for most concerned explorers, same challenge of dealing with dust and the focus of the investigation it is not, but in the future</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: booms more efficient from the ground?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: motivation for the cavelike surfaces is to get up to the ceiling and higher surfaces with less debris</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: structure overall a tethered unit or stand alone?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: no tether, carry the subsystems making heavier and in terms of reach and range, currently we are exploring the design phase it could be tethered or untethered</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: how to determine the appropriate anchor points?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the proposed strategy is a semi autonomous one, id candidate grip sites and the idea is to have sensor s at the gripper and see if this is a good feature for grasping. On the control planning and control side, a combination of careful selection of anchors and redundancy like climbers<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">It is the nature of this sort of climbing that a sort of grip will fail. Tether can be used a s a structural member and reaches the bottom with the grippers and booms and up towards the walls, an intention to keep the boom as much as possible</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: how to handle unstable rock grips and pile, is there an autonomous capability?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: in the end, you don’t really really know just like a rock climber, if it turns out to be loose and it comes off, you would be able to move fairly quickly without a new grip and slowing down the whole process</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-20465784126150785172021-10-14T15:11:00.002-07:002021-10-14T15:11:10.041-07:00NIAC 2021 - Ablative Arc Mini In-situ Resource Utilization<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Amelia Grieg U of Texas</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ablative Arc Mini in-situ resource utilization</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Using controlled lightening bolts to mine the moon</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Two options</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Take everything with us</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Or find ways to use things there</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Propellants, oxygen, and silicon available on the moon</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Lunar regolith is composed of many elements and lunar water ice frozen into various points on the moon</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">North and south lunar poles</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Many challenges</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Water found in areas permanently shadowed near the lunar pole</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">No option for high flow rates, and large losses through natural diffusion prices</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Very fine and electrostatic lunar dust</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The oblique arc mining approach begins with an electric arc and the electrons in the arc will come off in charged form meaning the regolith can be transported with no mining parts</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Electric fields minimize losses from natural diffusion and no reliance</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Focusing ion optics…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Moving equal velocity is important for the next step, and the beams will pass through a magnetic field through a permanent magnet</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The particles will then be placed in a dedicated collection reservoir in direct path of the elements while metals and other solid materials will be placed on a collection plate</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Entire system contained in a single skewer crawler</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">12 electrodes will be placed on the ring in the front</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A circular region in front of the ring would be ready for collection and sorting</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The arcs no longer reach the surface and begins arcing again</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Single arc 1Hz can mine 131 kg per year, while estimates of a full scale mining system would require fore crawlers with 10 metric tons</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The axis robotic arm would be the only moving parts other than mobility</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: how to deal with charged dust particles in the electrostatic?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: not as bad as much of the lunar dust and the crawler and collection system most will be drawn into the same … looking at a collection reservoir for dust, and the heavy dust particles. Other work has seen the regultih to be used for building materials</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: how to deal with erosion of the arc electrodes?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: in the video multiple sets and expansion of the erosion material, the collection materials were also … snap the electrode ring into place and use the same bulk vehicle</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: how to deal with the oxygen produced?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: oxygen has not been looked at yet, it is too much on top of everything else, looking at ablation and transport side of things, cryogenic collection of water vapor</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: Would the process benefit from some sort of ideal feedstock? Are some soils or regolith more suitable for this method than others?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: at this moment only a few regolith lunar simulates are available, the highland simulates are better for this particular system, which is all that we have used so far. Different regoliths and see if there are any differences there</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q; by what means would this be able to test the type quantity and charge?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the total mass that is ablated, and then a residual gas analyzer works very similarly to the general …. This gives us the relative ratios of the simulates, we also have a spectrometer set up and the products that are being set up as being transported through the chamber, with the three combined we get a good representation of what the arcs are</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: once sorted, is the material charged first? Maintain the charge of the particles or not?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: there is no reason to keep the particles in the charged form, that would be collection of the gas</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: updated numbers as more tests are taken, power vs. how much you are going to be able to mine?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: that is one of the biggest questions to answer in phase one, the values are still approximations, based on plasma thruster technology, to produce thrust instead of sorting it, slightly bigger for the full scale system, and there is no data on that, but once experimental results are sorted then the results can be updated to be more certain</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: have you considered applications for the mars surface?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: slightly higher formation would be easier to apply on mars than the moon even</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-49168927840091295402021-10-14T15:09:00.001-07:002021-10-14T15:09:15.525-07:00NIAC 2021 - SCATTER<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Sigrid Close</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Stanford University</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Exploring Uranus through SCATTER: Sustained ChipSat/CubeSat activity through radiation</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Deploy probes through a mothership, tell the difference between something changing in time and something changing in space, and do other things such as communications and use of a laser beam from other ship to power probes</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This will allow understanding about sun interactions as well as design smaller probes</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Exploring uranus</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">High priority target and has only been visited by voyager 2</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Highly inclined magnetic dipole predicted to undergo rapid reconfiguration with solar wind</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Relevant as analogue to similar exoplanets</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Long duration mission required to study magnetospheric and plasma dynamics, we hope to deploy probes intermittently…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Scatter concept minimize probe mass using a laser to replace subsystems</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">PV cells for conversion to DC electricity and a retroreflector for data transfer to mothership with reflectivity control panels for thrust and attitude control</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">For the laser beam itself, baseline transmitter with diffraction limited parameters of 1 m beam diameter t 1000 km distance peak intensity of greater than 3.7 w/m2 ambient solar out to 2000 km</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Membrane concentrated lasers</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Increased divergence angle for return beam (smaller aperture)</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Probe sizing between five grams to five kg</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Lightweight membrane substrate within a carbon fiber circuit board…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Cubesat would include attitude control and payload<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The chipsets would be far more effectiewith SCATTER than with a Cubesat</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The life would be short so there is no need to worry about the durability, with self-centering capability focused on the probes themselves.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Actuated through controlled reflectivity panels</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Separation rate governed by the ejection speed, no impact on the ability to leave the mother ship up to 1000 km</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Within the orbital plane, gravity forces from the sun both remain lower than the sun up to 200 km of separation</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">SCATTER</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Will characterize measurements to texture Uranian magnetosphere enabled by laser driven probes</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Powertransfer and comm to…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: is the laser beam also being used to encode data into the beam?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the idea is to modulate the laser beams within the average. Times that it is turned off we can communicate the same way that laser communication devices do</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: relation to Nelson and hyperbole objects?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: as you get closer in, the solar becomes the big tradeoff, if energy is there, what sort of measurements can be made. Looking at alternative methods for power</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: …</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: based on parameters of communication lasers, the power can be based on sliding nobs to change the ability of the device</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: reuse?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: single use, partially because radiation would be something of an issue</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: could multiple beams form corners of a square or a triangle?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: keep the beam and the laser emitter fairly simple, rather not deal with a phased array, hopefully looking at a fixed laser beam and see if the probe can fight orbital dynamics/ disturbance forces</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: is disposable compatible with planetary protection measures?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: stable vs. unstable manifolds, possibilities to use manifolds to constrain locations of the various probes</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: radiation question, it still needs to survive to get there?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the radiation hardening could be placed on the dispenser, and shielding the more fragile spacecraft, right now with how sensitive the probe is and could be deployed given 5-10 grams if possible based on the chips that have been used in chips</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: with a 20 watt laser how much power relative to tiny incident of light</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: if we start with something more conventional, we can start with something without much problem and at 1000-2000 km we look at 20-25 watts we look at 25% given the PV cells that we have seen thus far, in terms of the smaller chipsets, we will be capturing more like tens of kw. Some high power applications and designed have been made with cubesat</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: lots tailored to the design and further applications</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: lots of various applications, in this sense what can and cannot use the laser, from chips to cubesat<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-44269382762347127352021-10-14T15:07:00.004-07:002021-10-14T15:07:40.658-07:00NIAC 2021 - Regolith Adaptive Modification Systems (RAMS)<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Experiment Station</b></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Sarbajit Banerjee, PhD</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Davidson Chair Professor of Science, Professor of Chemistry</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Regulith adaptive modification systems</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Tame the regolith so it does not go flying into plumes on spacecraft</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Build up the infrastructure on planetary bodies</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chemistry to make steel and advanced alloys with rgulith along with load bearing dense silicate structures</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Microcapsule technologies to position these chemistries at any location</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What we had dreamed up in any measure</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Hard weight-bearing structures</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Delivered thought microcapsules released payload upon impact</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Changing infrastructure and how it is built on planetary bodies</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Exothermic thermite reactions</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Heat thermic reactions</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Companion and termal sintering</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Make use of source materials for use in the construction of various structures</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Built of small razor sharp particles</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Pyroxenes iron nickel etc used to make the alloys</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Abundant in certain areas across the lunar surface, mapped</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The lunar regulith can be combusted using nano molecules</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">By transitioning magnesium particles and can be brought to the surface to form magnesium oxide as a by product</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Thermite reactions can be made and in essence to be burning metal in a small scale thermal reaction against magnesium</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Metal oxide provides its own source of oxygen, the light weight and relative reactivity results in a solid chunk of solid regolith possibly accounting for the small strings and the lunar regolith, illmunite could be useful for carrying out thermite to that carries out high strength alloys</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A subsurface structure can be performed</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">As the microcapsules rupture, a series of chemical matrices can be created</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Three different precursors have been allowed to fully homogenize and rapidly solidify the mixture Ito a single material and can be pressed into 3d printers or used</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Careful preparation of the regolith, microcapsule jetting can be useful for precursor delivery</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The custom micro encapsulation system can be velocity dependent delivery and they can be ruptrred and deposited deeper in the precursors</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The initial exothermic reaction can be …</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Consolidation can be achieved with high strength alloy on top or by creation of slabs</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: mgO is a common by-product, are there any uses for that?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: yes you can set up a cycle to recapture the mg again, and this is a resource we will b e able to recover or use for this chemistry, this is something that has been used in parallel, and deal with electro deposition and mg precursors can be made in some sort of an environment with precisely modulated geometries through the thermite reactions</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what range of depth would be used for the laser to ignite the reaction?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the laser is one method, also with fuel or shock methods. Depending on how deep you want it to go, we have looked at simulated regolith and depending on projection velocity with which we project the microsimulants into the …</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: wil the thermite reactions react in the same ways?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: on other planetary bodies and other pesky issues that we have here, but going to space is the way to take this research further. Remember the oxygen is coming form the regulith itself. A fair degree of control over the microstructure and an example of the microstructure itself</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: findings on thermite?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: one of the reasons to use this approach, we have worked for years on micro encapsulation which are being loaded by the train carload, and the purpose is to use thermite chemistry in. A safe way, that is the type of microstructure that we want and has the weight bearing properties that we are looking for</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: martian material sources and how can you know what to look at and where to land?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: We worked with primarily lunar simulates and we have been very successful with al and ni found, we have had success looking at other types of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: can the released oxygen be used to make thermite?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: exactly the right way to think about it, using solar power to do electrolysis, and a lead compound…</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-21468339703548218462021-10-14T15:05:00.001-07:002021-10-14T15:05:32.603-07:00NIAC 2021 - Keynote Address <p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Keynote Address Moogega Cooper</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">NIAC is a great mech to push our understanding and beyond…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Parents met in South Korea</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Grew up in a home with divorce didn’t have a home developed in science</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Didn’t understand why science classes were useful</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Once I saw the cosmos, everything improved and I had a purpose for my journey</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Spent the school years under Dr. James Russel III and learned how to program, analyze and validate atmospheric data and make a scientific contribution</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Langley will always be the home away from home</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Continued nasa journey as a postdoc at JPL</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Began in the clean room with JPL and understanding the cleanliness of the spacecraft and the clean room</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Began working on radar tech dev, then jumped from mission to mission</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Also did some outreach work thanks to Mary voyteg</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Then met Carl Sagan and he is largely the reason I am here today</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Returned toMSL on Curiosity then picked upside work on plasma research to sterilize samples from mars before they are returned dot earth</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This rolled into Mars 2020 and eventually lead the mission for planetary protection</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Along with Europa Lander and am currently the planetary protection supervisor</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">History of Rover in-situ science, we are standing on the shoulder of giants</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The questions today are enabled by those previous mars rovers, questions, exploration and discoveries</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Bulk chemistry was a big deal with sojourner in 1997</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Then spirit/opp was abrasion and bulk geochemistry</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">With curiosity power drilling was added</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Now in mars 2020 we are able to take full core samples and see the changes with depth</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Potential biomolecueles can be seen there</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Prepare for humans on mars and to be able to fly a helicopter on mars</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This was fortunately done successfully.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">As samples are being collected, they will be deposited on the surface of mars</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">There is a deep post strategy there that will allow the samples for retrieval</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">It takes a village to make these missions successful, that is a multi agency effort</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We hope the sample will be returned by the 2030s</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">NASA hardware that leaves … we all need to consider planetary protection</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The first component is exploration of planets moons and others, we hope to avoid any earth based microbial contamination, this is the mantra of leave no trace, especially if we are searching for potential ancient life</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We need to do so in a way that will protect earths own biosphere</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">From design through the build through test through the operations</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Design something that is cleanable, and keeping it clean, for example with the use of bunny suits</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Test these in huge chambers and make sure that the chambers are clean</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Sample storage assembly</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Tubes taht will touch the martian soil must be pristinely clean</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We bake them out and take a sample, by growing the sample on swabs that we collect</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We have sterile swabs and would sample the spacecraft with that</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Then we archive the microbes and we have a catalogue going back to Atlas</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Traditional culturing takes more than seven days to complete</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Then we extract the DNA and we take a set to archive and the other part to put it through hybrid sequencing that will tell the ATCGs and what contaminants might be present</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Our high throughput sequencing can shorten the process to three days</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Against increasing, one example is about 8 months before launch, and the team goes from jet propulsion lab in Southern California to the cape Canaveral preparation for launch, we stack and launch</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The aeroshell is actually built by Lockheed Martin</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We hopped over to Denver, one thing that happened that we did not anticipate, created an anomaly on the tubes, and one of the flight tubes… about 8 months before launch and components must be installed about 3 months before launch</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The issue was fixed and while managing the lab spaces across the coast, we were able to build across the US and test build and launch</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">With the global pandemic, it was impossible to go back home. Against increasing odds, we were able to come together beyond the pandemic and a dirty set of tubes and work past issues to really get to the launch pad</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Have a common goal</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Creativity in finding solutions and innovating new paths stem from teams with a. Common goal</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Just remind one another that we all have a common goal and we can achieve that successs and issues that were troubleshooted and overcome, and we had to keep in mind we wanted to get to that launch pad with the highest level of integrity possible. I wanted to highlight the importance of having a diverse team, and to say I did this, and while I am the lead, I am nothing without my team, and this tema pictured has thousands of people who supported them as well.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">With all those challenges, delivered most comprehensive protection implementation to date</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The areas highlighted in yellow are specifically connected to planetary protection</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">HEPA filtered region means microbial load outside will not be able to enter</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">There are several things that have been done and we were able to show against all odds and increaseing odds that we were able to meet cleanliness goals with 25.4% margin</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Seeing that rocket lift off was on many people’s shoulders that day</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Animation of the sample collection sample was vaporized and pulverized so we were able to see an acquired sample there</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Sample handling key steps</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Measure volume<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Seal with pictures first</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">See that seal is seated properly and actuated<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Answer the question are we alone out there and that can preserve the blue marble, and remember that our exploration beyond earth should be done in a responsible way</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: applications to earth?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: we only understand within our own problem as we can only look at the framework within the earth, we can see that prions actually wreak havoc on the brain from mad cow disease, so there is information of how to treat microbial life</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: PP considerations for Europa Clipper?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: Clipper did not use anything new persay, the policy dictates how spacecraft treat going to icy bodies, and you need to go to a model to get that 10^-4 probability, and really tackle that to think outside of the box</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: Commercial enterprises to conduct NASA explorations?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: not speaking on behalf of NASA, get into the field and the discipline responsibly, how to t acquire a sample in a way that it will not contaminate the environment it was collected and to return it without contamination here</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: is it actually worth it for NASA to do this by itself or there talks with other countries or enterprises to conduct their own rules?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: as long as the country is sending a spacecraft that is going to space, then these rules must be followed by those individual countries</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: are there any major challenges or hurdles that we see in the near term or the far term?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: need to communicate effectively and interface the hardware…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: C2 resource utilization?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: we reinforce the rules for planetary protection, as long as you can submit a proposal we use app at a kit to look at the amount of energy as a metric for the amount that are there, can that be improved? Yes, and if you can help us do so, please do that</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: core samples present before storage?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: Sherlock can look at the core shavings and look in situ at the top surface and see the geology and mineralogy that will allow us to collect that sample, we want to know what is in the core before it is acquired, initial inspections and volume inspection… we can actually do science in the borehole, that is almost immediate</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: how to protect the environment when each asteroid only brings 10^13 microbes with them?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: humans must not go in certain zones of mars while leaving some areas pristine</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what are your thoughts on cognition of mars as a whole?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: what are the ethics of going to mars, is this an extension of colonialism? It is a really tough question to answer and in some way we have to understand our environment? We should do exploration in a way that is more ethical than the ways that are done in the past</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: are there international standards for PP and what are enforcement actions for violations of PP?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: lots of much more interesting details of policies and policies that exist within the USA, NASA is not a regulatory agency, so we rely on the FAA, not sure how that works internationally</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: can we take a small tree?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: Elon musk wanted to bring a plant to mars, many plants have been brought to the international space station, to understand how plants function and thrive in space if not on earth</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: do planetary protection policies apply to space corporations such as space</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: yes, they do</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: natural to bring theory of astrophysics to other ?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: there is an idea that there could be life on a rock that may have traveled across solar systems to see where ti could go. Even where we would goto expose the hardiest of hardy and expose it to the places it would still live, and could be protected by radiation and kill life off into space.</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: any other destinations that are of interest to you or the PP community within the solar system?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: yes, Europa and icy worlds, where we find water there we find life, and make sure our germs are being kept to ourselves because the implications are very high</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: Venus and the inner planets?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: demonstrates the ability to evolve, and we are starting to learn in the upper atmosphere that life could exist in that sort of environment</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: first thing to leave solar system was the voyager system?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the thing with voyager and the modeling we talked about earlier with clipper and the ing-radiation leaves so much gamma radiation and for such a long duration of time, will kill most of the microbes that we have on earth, clearly with the record that was placed, possible other intelligent …</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: can we use plants like a cactus to detect water beneath the surface?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: how does use of a plant change the environment or the alternative of using a robotic system</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what happens if a space company breaks the PP rules or protocol?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: that is far above the pay grade, and it would be trouble to hypothesize</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what do you recommend for those who wish to explore space?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: if your child doesn’t do well, don’t give up on them. Don’t stay grounded and give people all of the answers that they trust, help me to navigate some tough situations… make sure to stay grounded with someone that you trust</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: if we do happen to rendezvous with an interstellar object, what to do ourselves?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: depending on how long you think it has been journeying through space, it might break up,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>but you don’t know, handle that with caution, treat everything as a biohazard until proven otherwise</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: any other defining moments?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: every moment is a defining moment. There are certain situations that one could find human, being frustrated is a natural human response, how to prevent this in the future… mantra for every day and the scenario to go through</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: in terms of interstellar exploration, stars to other probes or on their own?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: Planetary protection officer, is the person who reaches across all of the missions not only with NASA but also with other agencies and organizations</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: terraforming?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: terraforming is interesting and is possible as a mechanism that can be terraformed and take care of their own planet, everything is possible but if you are using it as a reason, then it is urged to reassessed the point of view</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what constitutes as life? Does microbial life count? What happens if we deem a planet not to bear life but there is some life there?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: that is the whole scientific process. Bacteria fungi multiple living and nonliving things are considered. If someone comes with additional evidence to say someone is not right, then you would write an academic journal and inquire about that. Results change and understandings change and more information so the view doesn’t support the current understanding, a really interesting position to find ourselves in of course</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what additional planetary thoughts are needed for fluidic planets or regions like Europa?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: think about heat to create a fluidic environment</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: lots of outreach, do you talk to young children?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: yes, because elementary and middle school students will often make me take a seat. What is going to be the final answer, involving a lot more people and how to involve commercial entities to make sure they do the right thing</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: can a clean room be designed for a spacecraft?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: yes, in fact the spacecraft is designed in a clean room. There is a baseline component and we can see people tracking in the dirt from the California area and how it changes to the east coast and the more wet environment and micro organisms as well</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: well there be need for a clean room in outer space such as on the moon or mars, being able to contain our microbes so we can keep our germs to ourselves, no way to see a way to build a clean room for ourselves, and we have shown that the ISS is fairly close to a clean room we would not need additional efforts there</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: given improving biological science, can data be used to resurrect or rebuild an alien microbe?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: secretions that are at least 20% of micro organisms that are a spike that allow them to puncture other organisms and use their cells as food, so lots of organisms can function on their own</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: mining in the permanently shadowed regions?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the planetary protection requirement changes and the hardware requirements would be more stringent if you are in that region of the moon</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-5007507129467826362021-10-14T15:03:00.001-07:002021-10-14T15:19:15.245-07:00NIAC 2021 - Direct Multi-pixel Imaging and Spectroscopy of Exoplanets with a Mission to the Focal Region of the Solar Gravitational Lens<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Slava G. Turyshev</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Direct Multipixel Imaging and Spectroscopy of Exoplanets with a Mission to the Focal Region of the Solar Gravitational Lens</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Our Challenge: all exoplanets are far, therefore amplification</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">They are also too small, therefore increased resolution is needed</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Direct imaging: only super Jupiters, not suitable to discover an exoearth</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The telescope would need to be 90km in diameter, which is not feasible</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The solar gravitational lens is therefore is being proposed</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">SGL provides high-resolution imaging, and this is apparent</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Realistic model of the sun</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Previous work (1911-2021)</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The sun was modeled as a spherically-symmetric point-mass body</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The harmonics function effectively with the gravitational field</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Astroid caustic and imaging point sources.. allowing image deconstruction</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Addressing temporal variability<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Over the diurnal rotation of the image reconstruction, interesting and exciting and can be fully captured in the analysis</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Image of the exoplanets-orbital inclination and the required velocity Ono the spacecraft to capture an image</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Look at well at the acceleration, 5 microns per second, velocity of 20 meters per second</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Essentially the space information is available on the space craft to provide high quality imaging</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Scientific req doc can guide the mission documents, and helps lend real mission information there</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Image deconstruction and spectroscopy</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Solar sailing allows the approach of 20-30 astronomical units per year</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">To explore this possibility the mission will arrive in 2022, voyager one</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Flights in 2023 and 2024</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Trajectory designed will begin with high earth orbit and tacking against the solar wind like a sailboat, at this point system checks must be performed before moving to autonomous operations</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Through the perihelion maximum thermal load will be reached before egress allow return to power and comm</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The next year will bring steerable solar sails and the mission will be shown to be realistic and affordable</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: the studies are essential, what about a planet mixing with the stars in the deep space light across another planet?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: The narrow field of view of the SGL will allow discovery of many of these planets</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: How will we know where to look?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: this will provide a sort of Einstein beacon as the planet emerges from the corona behind the star, the spacecraft will be positioned precisely on the exoplanet</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what are the reasons for the original vein-based solar sail design?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the design was proposed by an explorer incorporated as an industrial corporate partner. The benefits are obvious, the steering and graceful tacking are not possible with other designs of solar sails, a full analogy to the sail boat is possible</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This design essentially uses solar craft anywhere on the solar system this design can also be used to go back and forth between earth, and explore the deep solar systems, and look to interstellar objects</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: will the solar craft require a jib?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: all sizable across the different planes of veins and allow steering in the direction that you want to go</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what is the next big thing for this study?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: sagan: “every extraordinary claim requires extraordinary evidence” we will move full speed to make a reality of this mission, and we will move from public-private partnership into embracing multiple organizations to develop flights in the near future, we will be able to bring pictures back of a planet and demonstrate that it is inhabited, all thanks to NIAC</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: Have there been any surprises?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: there has been a very good present from the slow gravitational lens itself, enabling a revelation that the lens gave us, and can follow the ever moving target, seeing the life on an alien planet within our neighborhood.</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-23520908370272334612021-10-14T15:01:00.003-07:002021-10-14T15:01:29.000-07:00NIAC 2021 - Construction of CubeSat for Test of Neutrino Detector in Space <p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Nickolas Solomey</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Wichita State University</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Construction of CubeSat for Test of Neutrino Detector in Space</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In collaboration with Wichita St. U, UMinn and …</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The phase 1 conclusion would determine that you only need a kg or less</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The neutrinos on the sun would react with germanium 61 after reaction of galactic rays and cosmic gamma rays, looking for the double delayed incidence, that coincidinnced<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Improve simulations of detector</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Build and test prototypes</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">First neutrino space fraft mission analysis</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Constraints of 350 million and less than five years</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Prototype detector was surrounded by a veto array and operate in the cosmic ray test stand<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We found exceptional rejection and resolution</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Phase 2 demonstrated good energy resolution for gamma and depending on the thresholds in the liquid simulator with less than 2% veto failure rate</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Thus the coincidence of the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>galactic cosmic events was favorable for use</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Distance of spacecraft from sun, as cosmic backgrounds are dominant on earth but neutrino signals exist closer to the sun, allowing exceptionally good science performance</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The development of the solar probe plus spacecraft was one and a half billion dollars, and we felt that this detector in space would be functional</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In the mid 80’s we designed and launched the gammaray observatory, 25 years later, the galactic plot demonstrates that in 1992 the EGRET spacecraft was groundbreaking by showing gamma ray activity</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We hoped to demonstrate that a solar probe would function as it reached close to the sun</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So we developed electromagnetic shield with cost and time efficiencies</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The shield includes a radiation shield, neutrino detectors and instrument casing that would be deployed within the spacecraft</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The mission study was the launch from earth and every time we went around the orbit closer to Venus we went closer and closer to the sun</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Mission study: cost for falcon heavy launch, complete spacecraft and five years of operations</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Phase three has been to build a cubist with the the eventual goal to measure incidence rays and theorems and a requirement of being within 4kg</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The history of the project began in 2015 while NIAC has funded this to 92%</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We have a long ways to go…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: could this detector function from earth?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: no, an accelerator beam would be far too narrow with a thousand times too much energy, mostly anti-neutrino reactors and we are looking for solar neutrinos that are more difficult to detect</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q:App to energy in the core of the sun in solar flares?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: neutrinos with solar flares reach earth only in 8 minutes as opposed to over a thousand years for the energy from the core of the sun</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: would a balloon flight be adequate?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: not a high enough altitude to deal with galactic cosmic and gamma ray real rates. the goal of the cube sat is to make sure it works in space, and to ensure it makes these double incidences exist in background events</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: would the neutrino detector be tested on the cubesat?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: no. a sodium 22 source could be use, but an intense source would be needed, and that would be prohibitive to safety</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: launch vehicle selection and if starship has been considered?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the falcon heavy was the most cost-effective choice</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: G-lens could concentrate the …</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: originally there was only a search from dark matter by going far from the sun and taking dark matter close to the sun, we found after a calculation with an undergrad student that we could take only about two times bigger than the moon, then we could get about 8000 times intense neutrinos from the galactic core, allowing a high concentration of the galactic core neutrinos… look at the real-time concentration within the galactic core, or in the planet Neptune or Uranus as a possibility of application</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: any possibiility of neutrino cores or galactic cores, remember that we go much closer to the sun and any neutrino at seven solar radii, and the discussion over where the neutrino zones are in the sun, and determine if there are dark matter collections within the sun, where is the proton, proton fusion occurring… this internal structure of the helioregions of the sun remains one of the largest questions in the scientific community.</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-87037366799709404742021-10-12T21:55:00.002-07:002021-10-12T21:55:50.386-07:00NIAC 2021 - Mini Bee Prototype<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Joel Sercel, PhD</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">All patent obtained or patent pending</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Mini Bee prototype to enable demonstration flight in LEO</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">With our partners at the Colorado school of mines, the omnivore thruster uses water as propellant and light as an energy source</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The intent was to create the transcontinental railroad of space</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In the past three months alone, we have been able to secure six billion dollars with private company invvestments of 400 million dollars</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We have been able to build on mini bee with worker bee which we expect to over take worker bee</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Philip Wahl:</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Optical mining spals <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>with solar energy<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Works in tandem with the NIAC phase ii project</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Apis mission concept rendezvous with spacecraft and materials</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Worker bee orbital logistics</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Introducing worker bee carries customer satellites into space with the omnivore rocket engine</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This is a breakthrough solar powered engine</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Omnivore advantages are lower cost and higher thrust and can run on virtually any propellant<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Nuclear rocket-like propellant combines for a much safer propellant</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The mini bee mission will demonstrate lower earth orbit to demonstrate mining technology</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A robotic zipper will capture the asteroid and sunlight spalls the asteroid an freezes volatiles</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The mini bee demonstrates asteroids</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Honey bee will be used to spall the asteroid in deep space</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The ground demonstration of minibee vehicle has been developed</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Minibee’s optical adventure uses a actualized potential pointing areas during space craft construction</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Use of computer vision to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Inflatable an rigid reflectors with thin aluminum film and the engineering team has designed a rigid reflector with parabolic hexagonal structures</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The inflatable subsystem is not capable of …</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The demonstration of open capture bag system at one gram is also used</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The omnivore thruster concept uses the same optical system as mining to create thrust through the sun’s energy</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The omnivore thruster</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">MK1 test thruster has operational temperatures ranging from 500-950 degrees celsius</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Newtons scale thrust values at the impulse of 1/ms</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Testing readings are around 60% of the requirements</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Next will come flight qualifications of our flight systems</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Finally we hope to launch worker bee 26 months later an min bee about a year later</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: concentrated UV?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the silicon is pretty standard practice the polyimid doesn’t see the light, and was a major design driver</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: was the YKK zipper company an official collaborate and what was the partnership like?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: space applications of the zipper tech and how to cross fertilize with that, including space suit familiarity with tech</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: Difficult to evaluate trajectory?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: a type of mission design that is totally feasible but not used by nasa, that is more adaptive in nature, however, we should know it well enough, it is a pretty unlikely possibility</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what kind of materials are used to construct the bags?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: something interesting about optics says that the intensity of the light scales with the convergence angle, so the volume of space with high intensity almsot like a light saber, otherwise there is no damage, so when it opens up, to where it hits the bag, the light would not be intense enough to propagate and cause damage to the bag. When you calculate the momentum exchange, it doesn’t require that tough of a bag to handle</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: can we use smaller bags now that we found asteroids to be smaller than we thought</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: we have found that bulk density of asteroids to be significantly less than original estimates, so we need much larger bags now,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: other insight and advice to NIAC researchers?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: focus on missions, hire really smart people who are highly collaborative and willing to fail, and encourage failure because only through failure is there growth in learning</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what components are actuating the reflectors?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: M1 reflector and M2 actuated by a system that is motor driven screws and a piston movement, would be nice to come up with a sort of design everywhere, the real magic is not the actuators, but the vision system: it turns out if you have. A big reflector that is focused on a smaller reflector and you can keep the two aligned through a simple computer algorithm, like everything we do this is patent pending. We owe our work all to NASA and NIAC, collaboration in a win=win function</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: in the future where does this concept go for worker bees?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: like UPS or Amazon delivering spacecraft where they need to do, in the medium term we hope to create low-cost space tugs, and we can be the low cost standard oil of space, but we are really a vision driven company, and we exist because we think the resources of space vastly outweigh the resources of earth, we wish to support a trillion people and are fundamentally a company built on optimism.</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-90916388452737939842021-10-12T20:23:00.002-07:002021-10-12T20:23:15.792-07:00NIAC 2021 - Skylight<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Red Whittaker - Skylight: Lunar Pit Exploration</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Unique windows to unknowns to realities below the moon’s surface</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Lunar caves could be shelters to the harsh radiation and other realities of the surface</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Pits suggest acces to caves</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The pit walls reveal the only observable pristine geology on the moon</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Mission scenario surface. Robots will make the next great explorations</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The operations are necessarily autonomous</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">No carrying direct to earth radio</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This new class of skylight mission will use rovers</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Pit rover to the rim of the pit, capture images and generate images</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A smaller rover cannot carry communication equipment and must be preprogrammed</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The rovers must be distinct from those that came before</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">They must be compatible with landers, negotiate pit sheet aprons… cameras must extend over into the pit</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Pit ranger has a rigidly suspended four wheel drive skid steer</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Aggressive slope extent, reverse pivoting to ascend</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The model reverses these features for space relevance</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Autonomy enables fast exploration</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Microrovers cannot move quickly in response to human control. Autonomy allows the rapid movement. This is necessary because there are only 12 days, not 12 years to complete the mission</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Both the imagery and plot morphology …</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The flyover pit rover is also the model that the rover depends upon</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The flyover image like satellite imagery cannot view into total darkness</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The autonomy directs the rover to occupy strategic outlooks</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Overlooks are ID’d while descending the steep apron</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">High quality navigation in motion at double the speed required to achieve exploration of any of the largest pits, this increases on speed and accuracy of previous rovers</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Three images are captured at short, medium and long exposures</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This eliminates burnout, retains lighting, and …</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The rover returns to the pit to continue the exploration, this allows series uplink of models to earth</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The longer the rover is operational, the higher the fidelity of the model</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Skylight preprocesses before transferring to landing for modelling, the small size is negligible compared to the raw imagery that could not possibly be downloaded to earth</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Cavern could not possibly be seen from satellites</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">LiDAR was utilized to create a high precision model to compare the rover to actual geometry of the pit with 2,850 sq m of area</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The field experiments generated accurate 3d square models</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Significantly advanced towards viability</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Near term low cost missions to increase the exploration of lunar caverns</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: upon fall, still useful?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: very unlikely, though many of the small pits that are not sheer drops, almost seem to have ramps that is almost a matter of gradation</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: potential ice that might be present on the moon?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: yes, great activity in that area, given the ambition for pristine ice though a lighting phenomena as you come closer and closer to the pole, the grazing light makes it harder and harder to discover, just the true polar pits where ice would be accumulated are not yet known to exist</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: any international partners for this project?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: Yes, the Japanese with their Selene missions were the first to discover the pits, Hariyamo and Issa were among would like to see the ice on the poles, which everybody wants</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: everything predicted?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: yes, the lander is a flyover instrument which acquires those flyover imagery from which a first model is made. It is certainly possible that the light correcting could be added to the flyover imagery</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: is there any use for the bot before NIAC?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: every great mission has a …. Spoke earlier on a ramp in addition to the cave discoveries would discern a most likely route, lastly there are many scenarios for lobbing something into a crater and sensing something into a parabolic flight, and passing from a leap is also a scenario</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: sending down a 6’3” cable, what turned you away from that approach?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: this always comes up, whether to use a tether, and of course those are viable approaches and the moon diver proposed that approach, part of that is budget, further out, and more involved complexity with increased sulfur line that would come in its time, not in some far out someday, but instead for frequent lunar destination missions…. Also allows a cluster of pits etc.</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-31757294669016448472021-10-12T19:47:00.004-07:002021-10-12T19:47:36.292-07:00Keynote Speaker - NIAC 2021<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">2021 NIAC Day 3</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Keynote Speaker - Dane Elliot-Lewis</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">GE Aviation, National Society of Black Engineers</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">“The future belongs to those who believe in the power of their dreams”</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">-Eleanor Roosevelt</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Vision for a more inclusive and advanced society</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This resonates with those who consider themselves a dreamer</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We believe in transformative change, envision a society that suspends multiple heavenly bodies</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Why are we doing this, why is government money going towards these adventures?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">To overcome this small-minded thinking:</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">“The Americans have need of the telephone, but we do not. We have plenty of messenger boys” - William Preece</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Not within a thousand years will man ever fly</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I think there is a world market for maybe five computers</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Remote shopping, while entirely feasible, will flop</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The idea of a personal communicator in every pocket is a pipe dream drivinven by greed.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Inspiration to incubate some new ideas</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">With 23 years of experience at GE aviation, you can see the love for history, the story of the Panama Canal is resounding, partially because my grandfather was among the West Indian laborers …</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Was there a spark or something that influenced you to begin this path of innovation and where did your journey start?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Saturday mornings was spent with a bowl of cereal and cartoons</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">One cartoon in particular as a five year old: Dastardly and Muttley and their flying machines, a series that follows a villain in wwi biplanes, like roadrunner</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The innovation was always around airplanes</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Every episode came something new, a new possibility</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This began a path to a career in aerospace</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A typical adolescence<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This is the point where I decided to be a shuttle pilot</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Always doodling, astronauts and regimes of light: how to ensure that challenger never happened again</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Spent alot of time absorbing technical manuals and trying to improve on the space shuttle</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Turns out space camp became the experience that college interviewers were most interested in, 19 Ronald mauradeen scholars</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Was sent to Glenn research center at Langley research center</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Supported a study on lubricant fuels,</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Kitbash spacecraft models into not something more realistic, but something into the starter universe</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Saw the interest and asked why don’t you help me out? Want to understand leaps in physics that will enable warp travel</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Began working primarily as a scribe</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Mark went on tofound the CalCity foundation, interstellar flight as its mission</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This was a huge inspiration to be an astronaut, become a nasa engineer and find out which of the military branches is going to train a pair of glasses to fly fighter jets essentially</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Turned out a lot of the space companies folded, so things did not go as planned</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What he really wanted to do was to design hardware</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">No awareness that GE was in the aerospace business at the time</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Learn the skillsets to become an engineer and spacecraft designer like he is today</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Capability to build something and test it and see it in service</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Design engineer, combustor aerodynamic (because it is similar to a rocket engine) and mechanical design, GE still has the largest design ever, 16,000 pounds of thrust</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Combustion testing manufacturing support</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Designed multiple swirlers and production manufacture, learning manufacturing processes</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Also got the first two patents around the hardware</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Systems engineer</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Performance and preliminary design</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Commercial engine certification<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Advanced engine bid and proposal</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Helped certify engine with competitors of the G-38 aircraft analysis of the A-10 warhog, turbo fannage, the next role was in certification</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">That was the ct-92, in China, with the Chinese equivalent, the FAA, and how it meets all of the expectations, and to lay out the certification plan, what are the tests that need to happen, analyses and in that order</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Final roles, most recent roles with GE, most direct led teams of 150…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Engineering manager</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Technical execution</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Building Teams, people development -that means hiring people, firing people</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Process improvement, improved through LEAN in order to reduce overburden</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Had a wonderful experience at GE, still an itch that had not been scratched</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">NSBE is an organization that has six hundred chapters around the world, it was formed int he 1970s through undergraduate studies the organization has evolved over the years, but has now created a professional series, and even special interest groups for specific industries</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">NSBE: Aerospace Special Interest Group</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Technical research</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Technical development</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Aerospace advocacy</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Youth outreach</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In terms of technical research, internal promotion along the lines of the aerospace development than research.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Project Arusha - Lunar rover, 20k kg rover designed to transport six astronauts</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Cabin structures and radiation protection<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Power and drive train, specifically looking at fuel cells</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Crew accommodations and habitability</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Navigation</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">East Africa Spaceport</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A number of rovers intended to support a lunar base of 48 people<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">NSBE research east Africa spaceport</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Feasibility studies of an equatorial African spaceport</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Leverage geographic advantages</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Develop local aerospace expertise</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Space policy assessment<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Business lifecycle cost assessments</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Really, it focuses around the potential while focusing on the core competency of of the local and regionals in East Africa</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">NSBE Research: visions for human spaceflight</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Unlimited Horizons publication</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Rationales study and graduate as many engineers as possible.</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Series within the structure to cater to engineers such as myself</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">All of the opportunities that NASA has, get your opportunities aligned because here are the benefits that NASA has… you guys need to be involved with NIAC, and they get pointed to this symposium, come here and hear it first hand go to him or others</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: Naturally flows out of what we just talked about, affects … touched by the story that you went to space camp twice, that you would be belittled and would be made fun of so never told anyone. How do we confront this issue? That kids might be ridiculed for going to space camp?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: There are STEM forces, look at these as careers, there is a whole field of opportunity here. There is an entirely open space, like white space of opportunity</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I can create something here, whether it is a home or a business opportunity</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Whether there is going to be career or business here, things we cannot even think of, what is better in terms of leveraging, entrepenuership, legacy to give to the children, opens up perfectly, a bit of a capitalistic bent, but there is really no limit in terms of using a creative experience and mind and make something that no one has ever thought of</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Geysers, just a little tease, started with Saturday morning cartoons, strip of the visions of the future, and absolutely transported past visions of the American future, an old book etc…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Just wonder about the role of the visioning</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Vision is I’m going to put some details behind completely unrelated thoughts, or however that works for you, a timetable as you work through it. There needs to be some concept of tomorrow or that project and a self-motivating factor, helps organize, plan and how to become like may gemison…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I like to visualize myself in the spacelab or the spacehead module, you don’t get anywhere without some vision to drive you or focus you.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-17370130391359016422021-10-12T19:45:00.006-07:002021-10-12T19:45:49.453-07:00NIAC 2021 - Trans Astronautica Corporation <p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Jane Shevtov</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Trans Astronautica Corporation</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Making Soil for Space Habitat by seeding with fungi</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The Concept</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Constructed habitats have many potential uses in space</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>asteroid mining</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>research</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>economy</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Need soil for agriculture and green space</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Some is agriculture … you need soil to make and maintain space</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Asteroids are a potential source of soil but contain toxic organic compounds</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Fungi can break down such compounds, making soil</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This is called microremeniation</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">For example, soil contaminated with petroleum</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The mission</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Constructed habitat used as a research base in mars orbit</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>supports robotic and human research</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Labs allow running rovers in real time with essentially no lag, creation of artificial gravity</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Expandable habitat with ample green space</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The need for soil why?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Agriculture is the more robust than hydroponics as a source of production, less things that can break down</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Easier closed system, such as composting while hydroponics are harder to close the loop</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Landscaping …</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">10^8th kg of soil, so not practical to Ship from earth</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Use asteroid regolith as parent material</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Contains toxic organic compounds</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Fungi degrade such compounds and help soil production on earth</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Turn organics from a hazard into a valuable resource</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Expandable habitat</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Early seed state</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Assembly area for new floors<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Hydroponic tanks can create compost for soil</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">First floor dedicated to converting regolith into soil</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Inoculate the compost and let the fungi metabolize</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Eventually we can grow plants</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Expandable habitat</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Early seed state</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Second soil bearing floor</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Regolith is added</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The processing happens in the part of the habitat where it will be used</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Add in compost inoculate and expand</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Mirrors compress sunlight onto the crops</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Current research</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Selected species</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Optimizing growth pH and nitrogen</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The next step testing effectiveness at degrading toxics</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: how large of a launch vehicle would be needed?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: depends on various industrial processes that depend on asteroid mining, but other things would have to happen first before this happens</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: impact on earth?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: it is going to be nitrogen, one project in mind is how to work around the nitrogen limitation, because that is going to be a huge limiting factor, putting it at the live scale</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: any other applications to organics in space?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: sometimes it may be a material sometimes a concept, nitrogen can be limiting, but you also think that extremely crude soil</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: how might the hiapoosa ii analysis affect the re-entry into the atmosphere?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the big question is going to be what chemicals are available on the asteroids, organics, metals or other organisms. Around the asteroid we can fuse the leftover materials to create soil</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what is the percentage of soil materials vs just taking it to space?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: earlier work on the life-support side and the numbers that were in there were something around 1^8th to 10^9th kg of soil, so just setting it up would be impossible, but the mass to actually build the habitat… one of the key drivers of the key habitat idea is to start small and expand, like a market-based strategy with a market of materials for all kinds</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: how well does simulated regulith simulate the qualities of real regultih.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: the physical attributes are somewhat modifiable</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-16543501912325887522021-10-12T19:33:00.004-07:002021-10-13T23:37:48.482-07:00NIAC 2021 - Light Bender Power Distribution<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Chuck Taylor</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Langley research center</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Light bender</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Power distribution possibility</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">They want water, how do they get the water?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Oxygen and hydrogen can be brought back up to the rim of the crater</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Power at the rim of the crater with solar arrays there</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">But how to get the power to our assets 3-4 km away?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The system itself is designed to land, deploy and enter use autonomously</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A small stowed volume…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The other feature of light bender includes new users and consumers</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We are not tied to what other architects did on earth to provide power</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">More importantly we will draw cables from producers to consumers, eg. Deep craters may not allow the use of cables</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Until we get to very long distances, RF/beam power transfer will be the power transfer use of choice</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><ol class="ol1"><li class="li3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Power distribution system</li><ol class="ol1"><li class="li3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Use optical elements to move light to power</li></ol></ol><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So lets step back</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Independent optic systems direct the beam towards anyone on the surface</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Our original calculations<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>were wrong because there was an error in the code first principles of optics determined that long-haul light distribution was not appropriate for light beam distribution, the periscope created an increased …</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The first thing we had to address was the long-haul component</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We had to collect two flat mirrors in tandem, which did not create the divergent issue, the combination of the light beam and the periscope allowed the dynamic nature to remain in the architecture</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We estimate we could give 1kW of usable power to a consumer at a distance of over 5km</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The goal is less than 250kg with a packaging bogey of 10 cubic meters</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What makes us unique is the product packaging through a small commercial lander, therefore we will just languish along the status quo</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The Stowed volume constraint is the problem, currently at 36 cubic meters</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">That can be cut in Half in phase ii, but getting under 10 cubic meters can be difficult</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Use of the CLPS as a proxy for our design effort</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">And in a difficult place in order to get sunlight prior to a sustained presence I period in the full lunar exploration</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: the mirrors fold, how can you make sure they are flat enough in a tight enough beam?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: with the ultra flex, there are ribs that come up because all you lose is the cosign angle, you will notice we do that with the flat mirrors and positing on the flat level, on one grain with a parabolic mirror we quickly discovered the mirror would ….</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">For the flat mirrors probably looking at a mylar film rather than the system such as the ultra flex</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: durability of the mirrors?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: moonquakes would require more stability of the mast, and we are looking at the same quality of the mass and micrometeorites slowly degrading the quality of the mirrors… if advertised as a dynamic architecture, lunar dust might get involved, no attempt to get a signal, just an absolute photon count.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: How close to real-world testing of the concept?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: small pieces of shape memory alloy if anyone is used to working with that, so usually it is only in very small pieces, where we can shape the material into a stowed configuration and have it opened back up to form the mirror, but each of these have problems with the packaging</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: speaking of the packaging have you looked at origami and other types of folding techniques?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: different techniques for flat mirrors and curved mirrors</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: given the packaging and mass constraints other materials?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: yes, consideration for mylar and down that line</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: clear at all times for electrics and statics to clear dust?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: one key thing to point out is that there is an assumption for a habitat area that would encapsulate a launch area etc… we are offering a remote area with a landing, a deployment and letting the dust settle, so not as much of a dust fuse</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: uniqueness in the packaging of these mirrors instead of cables?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: it is not an architecture that has been adopted to present. Very mass comepettivei if not downright winning in terms of cabling. How to realize the vision so to speak, innovation owed to Tesla, but still very unique</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: applications of concept as it is being developed?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: not only less light, but atmosphere on mars or earth would degrade the beam but maybe in Antartica.</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-54802253731951980672021-10-12T19:31:00.004-07:002021-10-13T23:38:16.260-07:00NIAC 2021 - Solar System Pony Express<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Joshua Vander Hook on NASA JPL</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Solar system pony express</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The data from HiRise and CRISM over 4 years, getting terabyte scale data back has been difficult, why can’t we take full mars maps every year?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We would need 1000x data for continuous surveillance</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The opposite is also true</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Mule because it carries the data physically, the alternative is a DTE direct to earth Link with deep space network DSN</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">During flyby, data mules can do more communication with mars than we could in years with a DSN</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The data mule can stay near mars as long as it is needed to</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">For every bit of data sent to earth, ten bits can be stashed on the data mule</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Eventually the data can be quickly downloaded to the data mule</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Many multishotorbits could be and a multi cycler trajectory can be simulated to see the tractor in the future</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Science context at mars</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The total data volume would be approximately one petabit per year</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Impact craters on mars… with a high resolution images to see the surface of mars</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What about Saturn and Jupiter?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The farther you get away from earth, the more incentive that you have to use a data mule</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The Jupiter question has an elephant in the room which is always radiation</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The ultimate data compression technique, though Venus is pretty close, if you are going to make a round-trip, why not include a few hard drives?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The context beyond mars, increasing the data to under 5 petabits would allow a full planetary image of Venus, for Saturn load would be difficult even with a rideshare</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Summary, here is what we know: pretty cheap using one shot trajectories, multi-use and each mule could also be doing science and tech with a big dataset of cycler orbit trajectories and link budget analyses</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The main thing we had to do was to prove to ourselves that we would have to prove with the highest resolution models that we can get</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Trajectories were the next hardest to get</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">After that it would be a lot of very little, and very large problems left</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: the pony express would have to extrapolate a number of other linear solar concepts</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: how to connect to the DSN the deep space network that will be online in the next twenty or thirty years</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: applications for interstellar missions far in the future?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: I don’t feel qualified to talk about that, actually. The best way to transfer a lot of data and to tie it to a rock and send it over might be the case</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what about mars?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: so that is tied to the DSN vs. the data mules, whatever is done to increase the communications to mars, would also facilitate the data mule</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: expand on the viability for one of the multi-shot data mules?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: do it on an esper ring, the range of estimates based on what we are getting etc… look at how to launch six cycler orbits at once</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: would it be possible to do those all at once or sequentially?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: there could be simultaneous or the original would be a cascading launch, so there could also be something sent later to pick up data. The most squeamishness in terms of logistics, but it does depend on how the numbers play out</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: the diagrams really show what is happening on a trajectory?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: managing the network that would be idle for a couple of times, ten years in cruise and how much propellant would be needed the committee suggested we would need something in terms of solar sales</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: important in terms of crucial and game changing technology</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: somebody has to do all of the work, there is no one person that can say aha I know how that works, each piece needs to be designed for a complete design so the huge factor increase in what you are getting…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: scaled in some sort of smaller application?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: someone asked what about the moon? Well there is no point in smaller scale use. We are hoping to scale up rather than to scale down.</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what are the means for constructing the mule?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: mostly hard drives and of course shielding. Tackle that with redundancy, we don’t need any miracles.</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-48719804558016087752021-10-12T15:52:00.001-07:002021-10-12T19:35:30.442-07:00 NIAC 2021 - Keynote Address TRISH<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">NIAC - Keynote address 2021</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Dorit Doniviel</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Director - translational national etc…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Space Health</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">TRISH Translational Research Institute for Space Health</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Funded by the human research program, wholly by NASA</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Mission: seek out and fund all our innovation towards human health in space</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">While nasa hopes to use all of the research intramurally and extramurally in respect to the exploration of space</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">If they fail, the projects must still have use, and if they do not then then they will be truly groundbreaking in terms of exploration of space</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Once you get to space, you are still exposed to radiation, but not cumulatively something we would worry about in terms of health</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Once you are exposed to the deep space, we have no way to protect humans from galactic cosmic rays, and it depends primarily on the distance from earth</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Think about providing the human with everything we need, for example food.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A really deep space mission, for example to Mars, food and nutrients become very concerning</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Medications become a concern</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Finally, evacuation becomes a concern in the event of a medical emergency</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Part of this is communication, close we have some communications, where there may be blackout periods or a twenty minute delay</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The closed environment is not really a hazard unless it fails you</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Eg the scrubbers in Apollo 13</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Distance from earth and going far away we start to concern about gravitational failures</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Every individual that comes back from a space mission is in fairly good condition, but we have learned that exercise is absolutely necessary otherwise the low gravity begins to have an impact on those systems</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This can go from 1/3G on the moon to 3G on Mars</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Absolutely related to the relationship in gravity and the ocular orbit, almost every astronaut would need a different pair of glasses. In addition the eye is flattened in almost every astronaut, manifest in a swelling of the optic pressure due to the gravity there</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Relation to the length of the stay in space, we have lots of questions about whether there might be vision loss involved in space travel</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Finally, there is isolation</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Immediate access for missions on earth, and on the moon the missions are short… the longer you are isolated and lack of fresh fruits veggies and produce… but no testing on humans for long-term isolation has been done</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Every human system is affected in space</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">There have only been a couple of missions eg Scott Kelly who have been to space for a year, these missions will increase<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Mission parameters decide the risks an research</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Learn how to surveil humans and work on prevention methods for negative outcomes such as exercise</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The big question: what will happen when the ISS goes away?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We will be operating in the lunar vicinity</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Think about the 2030s and leaving the earth moon system and reaching mars orbits… food systems are really the most important\\</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">How is nasa figuring these things out?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Figuring out which risks are going to be the most important?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Roughly twenty or so risks right now</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Rather than doing what NASA is doing, we are taking a different approach</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Looking at things that are interdisciplinary and crosscutting</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Investment in all kinds of projects within the microbiome and nutrition, affect the metabolism, bone health, cardiovascular health, some strains of bacteria can change the radiation effects on humans so we believe the microbiome can be implemented and I am going to show you how</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Discover</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">>Constant review of the current pipeline</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">>> cross-sectional relevance across HRP and NASA</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">>>> Points of Conversion</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">>>>> Impact to space</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Implications for spaceflight</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Social media and go find something based on social media</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We then cross-cut to see what NASA is actually doing that will not actually duplicate their efforts, but instead to provide a cross-cut</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">3 approaches to procurement</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Translational</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Unconventional</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Disruptive</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Translational - products already on the market late stage but can be slightly changed</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Unconventional - used for a different industry such as the oil industry but not applied to health care, so connect the dots there</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Disruptive - queasy factor, this is what nasa has essentially asked us to do: to see if there are ideas that can be really transformative</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The last four years have seen investments in approximately 100 science projects</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Translational: hand-held ultrasonic development Ashot Sargsyan, MD/KBR</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Central device with 4 waves to penetrate the body and can now be put on a computer chip, allowing the scan of an entire body from a single probe that is essentially just a battery with a chip on the end</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Non expert user can use it, to do basic cardiac or other exams on the body</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This has been brought to NASA and has been sent to NASA, it was also flown successfully on the inspiration iv flight, users who had very little training on the flight</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Why does nasa even need such an ultrasound system?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Kidney stones, eye pressure and other organ evaluation as it happens</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Unconventional: organs on a chip for radiation damage, existed for over a decade with NIH companies investing heavily on that</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Takes normal human blood and differentiates stem cells creating a 3 dimensional structure and helps it behave like the other organs in the body, heart cells can beat and tube structures, while livers degrade medications</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Taking normal healthy human cells and putting them into a healthy radiation environment</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Tell them how your liver cells and radiation countermeasures work for you specifically</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What is a disruptive project?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We believe the microbiome is a crosscutting way to increase therapeutics, so these are not in and of themselves human or microbiology</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">They play a pretty major role in their health</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">They take these microbes and make sure that your radiation doesn’t behave in a certain way</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What if you can genetically manipulate these microbes?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A pill could have GE microbes and produce the drugs as needed within the capsule, and would release at a particular rate</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This would go on over six months and eventually degrade.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This will be the future for psych meds etc</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">60 years of human spaceflight</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">533 people have been to space</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">No diversity</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The space population will change as professional astronauts and payload specialists decrease from ~90%</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Increasing the “N”</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Working with the Australian antarctic program to understand the isolation project</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">SpaceX inspiration 4</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">First all-civilian mission to space</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Artemis focus for research</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A short, three day mission into lower earth orbit</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Whole paradigm<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Coming back with dragon and having a water landing</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In the hands of expert users because we could<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">How can we predict who will do well in a one G environment.</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Factor 1: high priority risks</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">There was radiation as a high priority risk, but inspiration iv hardware did not pass the technical limit because we are very interested in that</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Factor 2: Relevant data anticipated in 3-day orbital flight</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Passengers are private individuals; primary focus<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Also easy trips ect..</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Inspirationiv projects</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Six different projects had to be integrated and brought together</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We did all this with one protocol, the institutional review board</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">One consent form across the entire crew</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Getting the institutional transfer offices to agree on data transfers, it was literally a couple of hours before the flight before John Hopkins signed off</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Collection methods:</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Crew wore this on launch, health vital and physiological data</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Neurocognitive performance</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Blood/saliva markers of spaceflight adaptation for post flight analyses: before flight, during flight and after flight.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">There was no way to coldstore blood for DNA analysis, so we took pin prick bioanalyses</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Miniaturized inflight blood/saliva analysis</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We want to see heart, liver function, everything that you see in a doctor’s visit today, so this is a proof of concept</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Re-adaptation to gravity after spaceflight</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Sensorimotor testing Data: hand, eye and body balance and coordination</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">No way to predict who will do well in g-transitions, so astronauts who do well we need to know ahead of time</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Finally, the ultrasound, study of the blood flow in the internal jugular vein</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Data set on four completely naive individuals going into space</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">About 5 hours into flight, they got the first data from the spacex medical team</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The crew also released the video that was posted from being in space, and you can see Haley, the physician assistant using the ultrasound with the tech that was sent up</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What is going on with all that data?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">It is going to be put into a database built by a commercial provider that was selected, Apple Watch data, ultrasound, environmental data… cognition battery, blood testing and longitudinal analysis makes no easy thing, so there is no need to reinvent the wheel. The first of what we would hope to be many</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Commercial human research database and bio-sample repository</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The medical issues that would be recorded and released through signing the consent form. The flight was only three days, but we don’t expect there to be any issues with their health</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Resource utilization and tissue damage</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Reduce resource utilization and the mission to mars would require a lot of food and oxygen and medication and other things that are limited in their ability to be resupplied</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We are going to have tissue damage</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">One approach, that has been used in the medical profession, when there has been a major medical event to the human body, the doctor may induce a coma or reduce the temperature of the body, allowing time for diagnosis</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The brain takes most of the energy from the body, so if we can cool our jets and use our brains less, then we reduce our metabolic functions</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Possibility of controlled suspended animation, just like in sci-fi movies</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Projects selected:</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Cold-sleep for Long Duration Spaceflight</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The effect of isochoric supercooling<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Keep the temperature the same, because cold temperatures can cause damage so Tommy Chang is looking at human livers with no plan to take human tissues or organs but it may happen to take the organs into space and see what happens to them in space, this would advance the field of organ transplantation</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Hibernation of red squirrels as opposed to black or brown squirrels, so whether humans could do that at warm temperatures?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Finally, looking at early human organoids and fossilized remains</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Earth applications of reducing metabolism, looking at chilean mining accident for months, insanity and lack of food was a crisis in the isolation, so putting someone into a reduced metabolism state may have other applications than in space</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">New challenges</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What is next at Trish</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">How do we personalize space health</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What cross-cutting approaches can we take?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">How do we prepare for the unknown?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">There and back without leaving earth</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Mission medical simulator: assume a crew of four people and go into the platform and play, like FarmVille or another game, tobuilda mission within the simulator</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Everything it takes to diagnose them or to treat them, what would be the outcomes if you don’t treat this or that?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What is on my mind in terms of other cross-cutting capabilities?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Does spaceflight induce a state like accelerated aging?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Hallmarks of aging</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Which aspects are replicate in spaceflight?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Can we mitigate?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Using spaceflight as a model system, there is something you can study or mitigate while on earth there is something with humans, is it possible to reverse or mitigate impacts in space so that it can be brought back to earth?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: what is the relationship of NASA to NIAC in the future?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: NASA does not do as much with health, and NIAC is looking for tangible solutions instead of concepts</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">NIAC funded an engineering study: if torpor were possible, what would the result be//.? Save 30% of the weight of the mission</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">TRISH can do a deep dive into the health side about how to make sure that the torpor would occur</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Environmental life support is also right in our lane as well</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Is the approach even worth considering? We look forward to working together in the future</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-55230149869167153742021-10-12T13:54:00.008-07:002021-10-14T15:19:32.327-07:00 NIAC 2021 SWIM - Sensing With Independent Micro-Swimmers<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Niethen Schaler et al.- SWIM - Sensing with independent micro-swimmers</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">NASA has been exploring use of swimming cryobots that are immobile upon entry to a frozen area such as Europa or Titan</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The purpose is to provide distributed, highly redundant sensing</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Open access missions are highly constrained by volume, shape and reliability requirements, tens of liters of payload and 10s-100s cm scale micro swimmers</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Other models are either too large or have too limited payload</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Begin by mapping science traceability matrices</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Particular attention to four key subsystems</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Instruments</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Actuators</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Communications<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Power</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">System architectures</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ranking of tech options and develop architectures at viable size scales</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Overarching goal of any sub ocean mission is to evaluate the entirety of the ocean</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">SWIM builds on three science objectives of JPL’s PRIME concept</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Other object exploration by : OPAG, NOW and NASA Roadmap to Ocean worlds</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Search for and characterize life</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Characterize chemical environments and processes by interrogating the ice shell and ocean,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Characterize physical environments and processes within europa ice shell and ocean</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Focus on those enabled by micro robot exploration</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Swim enables the search by permitting investigation of region outside of the immediate crypto field of view</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Swim enhances investigations of th physical and chem state of the interface providing spatial measurements</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We need 9 pascals across a 84 hour day night cycle</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Given the engineering constraints, the first case-study was an exercise in micro robotism</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Resonance, frequencies must be used for thrust and steering</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We also rely on passive ultra craft back-pattering to let mother craft passively read SWIM movements</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">12cm, 100 cm scale cubed</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Low range communication, with intelligence for remote control</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Initial mid-size swim design packaging design</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Payload volume of five liters allows over 48 robots to be docked in an unpressurized chamber for cruise nd descent</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">These can be added to other craft and to ice probes</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Build a 2d or 3d ocean ice interface and water column, relay of data to mother craft through ultrasound occurs</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Actuation and communication ar the most challenging tradeoff</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Top speeds are well below the relative ocean currents to operate reliably at these sizes</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Higher frequencies have greater attenuation in water, smaller robots require transducers with lower effect there.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: Is the anatomy of fish considered in the design of microswimmming robots?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: One of the big traits is to see how to make the robots swim, they don’t swim fast enough</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: trade offs</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: there might be more sophisticated robots, but that means to send less. So a thought the team had was to develop one “lead” robot that can be deployed based on information delivered from the smaller<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: Mesh?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: we thought about how the robots can communicate to each other, the smaller the transducer the lower the range, so a mesh communication array would be a way to dreduce the number of robots and size of transducers… however sending via relay means the mother crafts may spend more time relaying data through the mesh rather than reacting directly</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: chemical propulsion?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: find chemistry in the ocean, signs of extant life, including looking at unique organism chemistry rather than inorganic, use of chemical propulsion could disturb the water volume, for example hydrogen peroxide, but this would leave a lot of chemistry in the water</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: anatomy of fish in the design? Entire shape of fish that informed the designs?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: there is a lot of work on bioinformed robots, they all follow the idea of having a streamlined body, and we do have fins which is a little bioinspired. My experienecnec is that biomimicry might be wrong, a fish does not need to fit in a tube, but we do.</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: Does the propulsion have any impact on communication?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: could interfere with ultrasound communication</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: Web of acoustics to increase complexity and range</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: everything has to be balanced with the battery life of the robots themselves</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: could anchoring time be used to recharge battery life?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: necessity to be close to the mothership, or to look at wireless charging systems</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: why use 3d printing to make the robots?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A: unconventional shapes, small batch manufacturing can be cheaper and more difficult to iterate. We are also looking at a high pressure environment, not looking at water leak in and destroy robot electronics.</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-5513157196962208432021-10-12T12:52:00.005-07:002021-10-12T19:36:00.019-07:00NIAC 2021 - Lunar Far Side Observatory<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Ronald Polidan</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Lunar Resources, Inc.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Phase 1</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I work at Lunar Resources and I am the principle investigator for the Lunar Far side Observatory</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Resolved key architectural issues, no problems proceeding</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What are we trying to do in our study?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This observatory will open on the far side of the lunar far side, enabling tehnologies and extracted lunar issues including the antennas on the power structure</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Unprecedented insight, nearby exoplanets and the solar system</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This will provide photos of the solar system every few moments</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This advancement will have a very broad approach and impact on solar panels, batteries and arrays</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">When the first stars had yet to form, to do this. We will use a 21 cm signal, a large number of dipoles</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Cosmic dawn and identifies the remain that will remain with that score</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">New insights into the physics and the cosmological models</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Localizing electron shock etc…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Detect radio emissions from exoplanets and radio transient objects</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Molten electrolysis to convert raw materials into metal and oxygen</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Vapor deposition technology</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Specific design for Farview Iis currently at TRL 5</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">During lunar day and lunar night, resilient and adaptable, science needs and a better lunar environment</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Architecture and approach<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Each array contains 500-600 dipole antennas and 150-200 subarrays will be prepared</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Our poster shows a map of the lunar far side… so how do we actually build farview?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Multiple manufacturing rovers and a single processing facility</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The RPS thermal design allows it to survive the lunar night</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">From the third day forward, construction rovers will build the necessary power infrastructure, growing as more subarrays come online</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The construction will only be done in both lunar day and lunar night.</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Occasional replenishment from earth, otherwise virtually no maintenance needed.</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The ability to land hundreds of tons of materials…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Fairview will be imaged because of the lunar sky on the horizon including CMEs, allowing new insights into this phenomenon</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Beam integrity to do science</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Do you have to use aluminum? What about sodium or mg?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The process used to extract the metals, aluminum is abundant enough to give us all of the material we need.</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Infrastructure costs for landers and such</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Our hardware is actually really inexpensive, and lower cost than any of the conventional system methods…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Shown the gravity to work with regulith…</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Is there any information on the rovers?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Astrobotic and their demands are similar to what we expect for the rovers?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The second part of the question answered most of the question at large</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">How are you powering these rovers when you are in production mode?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">One thing the rovers can do is to build solar arrays</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We can talk to astrobotic and we can build a kilowatt array and supply power as needed</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Where to see other applications with the regulate process etc… for Farview, someone with the metals and people with the processing units we can produce any metals that we wish, it is a versatile way to provide habitats or anything that people might want</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The array will be tunable, it comes to the separations of the dipoles and the analysis that we would do</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We can basically design it as we go etc…</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">How do we extract the aluminum etc?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We input the regulith and use electrolysis and move them to a purification site and we have all the metals we need</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">How to manage the poor power factor or low power?</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We have the ability to supply whatever is needed</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The power is not an issue for us</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-34525343724256060322021-10-12T12:50:00.007-07:002021-10-12T19:36:19.734-07:00NIAC 2021 - FLOAT <p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 20px;">Niethen Shaler FLOAT Flexible Levitation on a Track</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">jpl.nasa.gov</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Notes by Paul Fischer</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The first lunar railway system to move 200k kg per day that can be rolled directly onto a path or track to complete repetitive tasks</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">These have other added benefits</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The challenge is how to process autonomous, in an inhospitable environment, transport</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The innovation in FLOAT is to devise a very simple robot that permanently levitate over a track, we take advantage of graphite’s diamagnetic capabilities and are able to deliver over 33 kg/m^2 payload to a surface on the moon, directional control also possible</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Collaborators at SRI developed microscale robots and FLOAT is responsible to upscale this millimeter approach up to meters</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We are refining our estimates, experiments of small-scale models</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The primary architectural mission we are focused on</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A robust ice water mining operation</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">These provide fuels and basic supplies<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Requirement to produce 3,000 kg of regulate per day</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The transportation options are a low-cost …</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Most lunar parts and regulars. Autonomous driving and float tracks creat well defined routes<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Performance estimates</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">For benchmarking the overall float system</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The thickness of the graphite in the track, the payload, and the height</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">System design</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We are also considering one, three track configurations as well as two and three parallel track configurations</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We are also proposing a modular track design, such as junctions and curves in the track, each with their own power mechanics.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">To allow us to use multi-white junctions and curves.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">A multi-white system to design to work in reverse and allow us to work in the concept of deployment</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ongoing float performance estimates and experiments</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Limited by both robot and track geometry, we better conform to non-planarity of the track, efficacy of the track curvature and debriclearning</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Q: Seeing a centimeter scale model of this?</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">FLOAT and the original DM3 technology, but it means that the robots cannot carry a heavy payload if deployed on earth, but this can work well on lower gravity</p>f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-86140967403897346912018-09-28T09:38:00.002-07:002018-09-28T09:39:02.940-07:00Spectroscopic Analysis of Asteroids<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="c2">Gary Hughes</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">UC Santa Barbara</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Photonic Propulsion for interstellar missions</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Notes by Paul Fischer</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Challenges what we can do with a laser in space</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Laser array powered by Photovoltaics could be used to heat an asteroid at 10 MW per square meter</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Creates melting and evaporation and ablation of substrate</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Thermal radiation from the heated spot</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Atomic and molecular absorption in ejected plume</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Spectrometric detection can then occur to determine the composition of the asteroid</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Called: Remote Laser Evaporative Molecular Absorption (R-LEMA) Spectroscopy</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) as comparative method</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Mars Science Laboratory ROver</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">“Chem Cam”</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Differences:</span></div>
<ol class="c3 lst-kix_t7sbie5n6fsm-0 start" start="1">
<li class="c0 c4"><span class="c2">Pulsed Laser</span></li>
<li class="c0 c4"><span class="c2">More energy, 10 TW/ m2, max distance, 8m</span></li>
<li class="c0 c4"><span class="c2">Molecular dissociation, ionization -> plasma</span></li>
<li class="c0 c4"><span class="c2">Optical Emission (atomic Spectroscopy) ???</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Laser Induced Thermal Emission (LITE) Spectroscopy</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Deep Impact Mission</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Comet Tempel 1</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Observed from Spitzer</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Space Telescope</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<ol class="c3 lst-kix_mwxrlc5lvwg6-0 start" start="1">
<li class="c0 c4"><span class="c2">Surface Impactor: 364 kg</span></li>
<li class="c0 c4"><span class="c2">Particle Emission from Impact ~10^6kg of ~10um particles</span></li>
<li class="c0 c4"><span class="c2">Mid-, Long-Wave IR Emission Spectroscopy from Spitzer Space Telescope (from ~.75 AU) determines emissions of materials and do molecular composition</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">What we envision is Molecular Absorption spectroscopy (gas phase)</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Why R-LEMA?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">The mission scenario is to Asteroid 2014 HM187</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Its orbit does not cross earth, but does cross orbit of Mars</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2"> Between 139 to 312 m</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">No former spectra exists</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Why choose this asteroid?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">It is in a central ring of the asteroid belt</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Methane, titanium, or water? What is in the asteroid, we propose going to figure out by probing it directly</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">The main objective is to determine the objective with a resources assay, could be a stopping place to go to Mars as an auxiliary capability (orbital outpost positioning)</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">An alternative idea could be to evaluate cost of moving the asteroid into a new orbit</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">What if Jeff Bezos wants to expand his empire into space? Amazon Asteroid</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Short discussion of Orbit Alterationa s 2ndary otpion</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">10 MW/m2 -> 100 uN/W</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">-> Mars close approaches, could create a “keyhole” with the same tech.</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Back to the Arlema system for spectropscopy analysis</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">About 10 km view of interaction, so we modeled the asteroid, and you can see that the temperature stabilized at 21k Kelvins, making a perfect background to do IR spectroscopy, this seems to suggest that the system has a good chance of working, at the end of phase 1, we made a strong argument that we had reached phase 2, with a strong chance of working</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">So what to do in Phase II?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">We want to test the Spectrometer in the laboratory </span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Target must be put into a vacuum to simulate a space environment, we had to build all of the components, the laser enters through window and heats the substrate, creating a backlight for the spectrometer view</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Based on a Brueger vortex 80 design for a couple of reasons, the vertex 80 has an external port allowing such remote designs</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">The distance in the laboratory of 1 meter would be expanded in space</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Heating things up with a laser is not like an incandescent lightbulb, the heat bounces around everywhere and these 84 hour experiments allow photodiode feedback, which is fed back into the vortex 80, and corrects for any fast changes in backlight</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">System Validation</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Provided by a measured spectra, will be different from a system spectra</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">We will measure our spectra and compare it to a reference or predicted spectra</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">NIST has a chemistry webbook with many spectra, but the reference was difficult to find, ECOSTRESS discusses rocky materials including salt that allow the reflectance spectra and seeing what gets reflected, we hope to see some of the same absorption lines, but we need more gasphase rocky material spectra</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Where to go from here? Everything in the lab seems to suggest that this will work.</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Well if it works in the laboratory, we can make an argument for reaching TRL 3</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">We need to do something in a relevant environment, propose a formation fliying CueSat Experiment</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2"> Two CubeSts in a low orbit environment</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2"> One will be equipped with the laser, and the other with rocky material so we can prove the idea will be functional with deployment</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2"> We have already asked the Federal University at Santa Cadarino</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">In stage II of the NIAC process, we hope to… </span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">At TRL3 we will propose to PICASSO of NASA</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">That will allow it to hit TRL4 for the Matisse Program</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Is there some overlap with other ideas?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Right I think there is some room for integrated resource utilization, if other groups get there, we will be able to send CubeSats to asteroids very efficiently\</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">How does the vacuum replicate the plume that is expected space?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">We calculate that 90% of the absorption occurs within on spot radius, most of the stuff comes off very rapidly, and needs to be quite close to the asteroids</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Is the laser big enough, how do you get to that power</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">The laser is a collimated beam, so that is how you get to your maximal watts</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Phil Lubens and the mission context for the NIAC, gives a 2 meter array, with a 10km beam, it would be 1cm in diameter</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">What is the total power of the beam?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">The system would be 2 KW</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2"><br />That would produce a lot of outgassing because you are heating a carbonaceous material?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Right, we see that in the lab, all sorts of things coming off, so we focus on this small spot and what is going on below. </span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Our need to prospect before we arrive, we take an economic view of the problem, we have studied the problem very seriously, we have looked at mapping asteroid spectroscopy, and we think we can do it with just a few colors, involving a strategy, where we through out ambiguous cases. We do not want to arrive at an asteroid and not have water there. The first generation we avoid such asteroids. If you have to fly to the asteroid to find what it is made of, you have already lost the battle. Prospecting missions can take 20 years, so we need to remotely survey these.</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">187 by the way does launches to Mars</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">What Delta V?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">3 meters per second</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">What is the somatic period</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">About…</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Spot on the surface or wavelength?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">We envision using monochromatic laser for power to heat the asteroid.</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">But you need a reference spectrum?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Right, to validate the approach, once the data is acquired. </span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">That is something that has already been validated, but we have not been able to find a reliable reference spectrum.</span></div>
<div class="c0 c1">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">Do mining or drilling companies have access to these records?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c2">This sort of information is proprietary and more difficult to get in public databases.</span></div>
</body></html></div>
f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-27143236030480146182018-09-28T08:20:00.002-07:002018-09-28T08:21:18.746-07:00Space Angels - NIAC 2018<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="c1">The Space Angles</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Justice Killian</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Notes By Paul Fischer</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">How Entrepreneurship is being brought to space</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Where money is being put to work</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Where there are gaps</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Work with 2 different funds:</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Space Angels, 250 individuals around the world, high risk, high reward individuals with flexible time horizons</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Space Capital Traditional venture capital, operates on a fixed time horizon, which constrains the opportunities we have</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Investing in the final frontier of technology and growth</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">What is Space?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Space is the foundation of our modenr global economy</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Space has enabled a 74 trillion dollar interconnected global economy</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Integrating how all industries operate on a scale never before seen in the past</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">In addition, we create new markets</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Eg. GPS</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Primarily military, in 2005, GPS became widely availabel to the public</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">2007 to googlemaps</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">2008 air bnb</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">….</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">You hear alot about unicorn billion dollar plus companies </span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Allowing you to collect your data and unlock your opportunities, new markets</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">What has changed in the 60 years space has been around, why invest now</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">There is an incredible established legacy</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Technology that has been developed and milestones allow us to stand on the shoulders of giants</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Heavy lauch shuttle, saturn v, moon landing as examples</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">The first driver of a major change in the market is a change in the barriers to entry</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">The first space shuttle cost 60,000 dollars per kg to deliver, 1981</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">The Delta IV Heavy 12157 in 2004</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Falcon heavy dropped the price by a factor of 10 last year</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Miniaturization in satellites</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">A few very heavy satellites covered the world’s capabilities in the past</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">This made an inflexible approach, and now that is not the case</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Moving from mainframes in satellites to essentially smartphones</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">From 1972 to 2007 the weight of the satellites dropped by half to 2800 kg</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Planet dove in 2017 was just over 5 kg</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Market drivers and launch caust has dropped from 77k to 10k per kg</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">[This means the price of an operational satellite has gone from 400 million to 50,000 dollars!!!!]</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Projecting out means that 10,000 satellites can be reached in just decades</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">We are seeing exponential growth in lower earth orbit and a plateau in geospace orbit</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c5">State of the Industry</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Going back to space companies</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Morgan stanley has estimated that the space industry will reach 1.1 trillion by 2040, an increase of almost 300% over current levels</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Space Investment Quarterly</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Equity financing into space, looks at the transactions when money is deployed, allowing a fidelity for what is happening in the market</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Dawn of the entrepeneurial space age</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Beginning in 2009 saw the first successful launch of the Falcon I</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Other attempts had burned through 800 million without a successful launch eg kissler</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">In 2010, spacex published the pricing to get to orbit, this allowed transparency in pricing</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Conequetailly we see an exponential growth in business plans</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Not only in the amount of capital flowing into the companies, but also the amount of companies </span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">This makes now an exciting time, where we are just on the beginning of an upward curve</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Lets dig into the numbers a little bit more, who are the actors providing capital?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Angels and individuals, as high-risk investors as first money to company with flexible time horizons</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">The next line is venture capitalists, with fixed time constraints, usually around 10 years</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Have been a persistent actor over time</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Finally there are corporate venture partners eg boeing and lockheed</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Tech and innnovation and desire to keep a close watch on development</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">A Lot of the capital, 62%, comes from the USA</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> UK is growing, they hope that in 10 years 5% of GDP will come from space</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> France has recently become active</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Looking at this year, seeing the amount of investment into various industries, only 26% into investment, while satellites are receiving a much larger investment share.</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Space X is the largest corporate investor, lead by Fidelity investments, with 500 million in investments</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> These represent late stage investments directly from space x</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Spinlaunch operates primarily in stealth, hoping to use centrifugal force to launch objects into space, we did not invest in them, but a number did 40 million, at series A round</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Coming back to the venture capitalists, looking at the dawn of the venture capitalists, investors in space. Every top tier venture capital fund now has space investments.</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">In addition to this, a number of new actors have come in</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Sovereign thinks of this from a national perspective</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Philanthropists such as Bill Gates and EarthNow</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Looking back at the market and debunking common misconceptions</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Particularly early on, that space should require more capital than broader tech investments</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">The data indicates this is simply not true</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">The amount of capital raised at each stage of investments is marginally higher, but not double or triple as people think, so you can be entrepreneurially competitive in space.</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">How can space companies such as Spacex ever justify their value?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">The price is not high early on, but tends to skyrocket later on</span></div>
<ol class="c4 lst-kix_uuxfll130790-0 start" start="1">
<li class="c0 c3"><span class="c1">Venture capitalists tend to invest in other lower risk tech, the process of getting a tech into orbit and getting to work is challenging and requires risk, so many investors wait through this phase, which later pushes up the price</span></li>
<li class="c0 c3"><span class="c1">How can space companies justify their valuations? Looking at the revenue vs broader tech financing, series C and D sees space outstripping competition. With a 350 billion dollar industry already in place, there are established customers with big check sizes who can purchase tech once it is available, that is called good fundamentals.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Shows up in exit prices, requiring a company to go public, this creates a small subset that we hope will grow to attract investors engineers, scientists and money into industry</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">I would like to dig into the themes behind these</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Starting with heavy launch, as 2017 saw the first commercial equity backed launchers launched more rockets tahn governments around the world</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">75% of the contracts launched they were able to secure</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">This means there is not a lot of opportunity in heavy launch, there are some competition, but we will not be putting money there</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">The opportunity to be able to launch satellites, and to provide internet from space</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">The value of data and the ability to connect the last several billion to the internet will change the world</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Giving google access to these markets, the rockets are there to do this faster than anyone else</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Our new frontier is small launch, eg. VECTOR, which took ten years to achieve a milestone, and now we have 50 small launch vehicles registered, and over the next years will deploy</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Why use a small launch vehicle?</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Well the data suggests these vehicles charge higher prices, but the time that it takes to integrate the payload and get onto a rideshare is significantly longer, and customers are willing to pay for the access to integrate into an existing system.</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Otherwise the money is lost, like an opportunity cost, as the company must wait an extra 12 months for integration</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">There is a clear economic value proposition</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Rail gun tech, balloons and centrifugal force are all examples of new ideas extant, and for us small-launch is quite simlar to automobile manufacturing.</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Therefore our investment is in a company called VECTOR, and it should take 2.5 years to get the first rocket in orbit.</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Bringing the auto manufacturers into rocket production, in terms of scale and production is critical to success</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Rocket development is not a good business, high risk and difficult, one failure will destroy capability, so the reason we are excited about VECTOR is that designing, building, and manufacturing this launch will serve as a platform that allows us to view this experience as a software to the solutions, and the vehicles will be extant to allow these satellites to get into orbit</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Starlight and Softbank -> several billion dollars to continue to provide internet on a global scale</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> This was an enormous endeavor that venture capitalists and entrepreneurs cannot become involved in.</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> We are able to get involved in the relay, the ground link, and other options</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">In a matter of 3 months we can provide the RF downlink in a matter of months</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Another option is optical, allowing high throughput optical downlink using laser technology, provision of more from space</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Earth Observation - has been around for a very long time, now is an exciting time to be a part of this</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">There are multiple layers</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Data layers - existing instruments optical, SSAR, laser etc now being scaled down and being applied in different constellations creates an abundance of different types of data being generated and there are many ways to view this data</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Some companies download the data, clean the data, and build products to sell into multiple industries in what is called a vertically integrated approach</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> We foresee specialization coming into the industry. We have invested in a company called skywatch, accessible from 150 different data points, through API integration, allowing the data to become ubiquitous into society.</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Distribution is therefore the critical layer wer focus on, because this allows people to experiment with it.</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Then companies can leverage the data in a very powerful way</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Looking ahead, we see 2019 as the year of private manned spaceflight</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> SpaceX</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Virgin</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Jeff Bezos</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">We are seeing private spaceflight as an exciting emerging trend, and it has taken many billionaires a very long time to develope the technology</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Debris Tracking and Mitigation</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> We will need at better understanding of what is floating around in space and associated risk</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> We invested in a company with a network of arrays planned to track meter objects in realtime across the world, comparable efforts took a long time and cost 2 billion dollars, our project will cost 1% and provide higher fidelity than the others</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> The baseline is to know what is up there with a higher degree of certainty</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">On Orbit Manufacturing</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> MadeInSpace creates products made on orbit and sold into terrestrial markets</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Eg fiberoptic cables with greater efficacy</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Continuing to take advantage of zero gravity to create monetary opportunities</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Cooperation with NASA to enhance practicality</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Space Stations</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Handful Of actors worth noting</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Expandible modules, with a marginal size factor gain, no weight factor</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Axiom - hopes to 3D print habitats into space, hoping to reduce cost of space stations to 3 billion dollars, still out of our price range</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Nanoracks was our choice for investment, to deploy the first commercial airline on the international space station how can we radically reinvent what it meant to build space stations, so independence 1 hopes to capture floating booster rockets and repurpose them into the first commercial space station, could cost less than 10 billion dollars.</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> It is a radical idea, but I remind you that skylab was assembled from rocket boosters, so the idea has worked before.</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Lunar Transportation</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">NASA has made a number of successful private partnerships, launched a competition to be able to launch a rover, land it on the moon, capture HD images and beam it back</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">20 million dollar prize is not a lot to reach the moon, so more capital was made available</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Japanese company, iSpace raised 95 million to do this</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Israel - Space IL as a non-profit that has similar plans</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Our investment is into a firm from carnegie melon that dropped out quite early, and recognized a real commercial opportunity and build partnerships, resulting in winning a 3 million and 10 million dollar contract, the latter is the largest lunar based contract for these services… demand for access to the moon does not only come from governments but from the private sector</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Deep Space Platforms</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> JPF has produced large scale platforms</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Commercial actors has performed propulsion technology</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Smaller scale solutions, you attach your tech and we will do the rest sort of thing</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Lower earth orbit has been democratized, only five companies have been launched into deep space, we wish to push this further out</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Ecosystem Development</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> In-Space Resource mapping, extracting, refining, storage</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Big visions of asteroid mining, operation within a very small realm of precious metal mining, stuck at mapping phase</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Big idea of value, and process of extraction has not been developed yet</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> All of these components to the value changes have been missing</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> More ideas must be identified and the TRL needs to be raised</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> What is the unique value on orbit manufacturing, what are the components that must be developed, form a scientific and commercial perspective?</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">In space fuel production, distribution and storage</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> From water, fission or fusion</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> There is a gap here</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> We are looking for opportunities that could have a direct overlap into terrestrial applications</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">Helping shape what the future looks like, we are going to be part of a number of emerging industries, the policy risks and challenges we are facing</span></div>
<div class="c0 c2">
<span class="c1"></span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1">What is the work that NASA as the foundation for commercial development to happen, has been seeded and increased, great examples of how public and private partnerships can take place</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> Looking at how equity financing are happening</span></div>
<div class="c0">
<span class="c1"> How governmental support has seeded, we hope to continue to foster and grow these opportunities to grow.</span></div>
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</div>
f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-46689213522154706212018-03-23T13:52:00.000-07:002018-03-23T13:52:12.873-07:00cybersecurity notes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Conquest libicki</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">“The real impetus is that the more cyberspace is ritical to a nation’s economy and defense, the more attractive to enemies is the prospect of crippling either or oboth via attacks on or through it.” 1</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">The term cyberspace coined in William Gibson’s classic 1984 Neuromancer 5</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4 tenets of cyberspace</span></div>
<ol style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Cyberspace is a replicable construt</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">There has to be a master set of rules for any given space</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Some mechanisms and systems across different forms of cyberspace are persistent</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">There are three layers to cyberspace, and teh conquest of each has vastly different meaning</span></div>
</li>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Physical - Only as effective as infrastructure is difficult to replicate 8*</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Syntactic layer - If my knowledge of rules is greater than yours, I may be able to get machines to do what I want even if you physically control them</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Semantic layer - information critical to humans or connected devices. Control of this layer may allow me to change the way you perceive reality</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">“Since the 1990s, … actions in [cyberspace] have been considered part of a briader topic, infirmation warfare.” 11</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5 types of information warfare are currently in use, and two hypothetical</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Commad and control warfare</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Intelligence ased warfare</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Electronic warfare</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Psychological operations</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Hacker warfare</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Economic and informatoinn warfare</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Cyberwarfare</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">16-17</span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-166abcc0-54a0-ddce-d92d-a874ee15928a" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Shift from warfare to operations in terminology to describe activities that could occur during peacetime within the military adopted in 1996</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">The anglo-saxon clarity of warfare should not be mistaken as lost in the change of terminology 17</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">“In the early 1990s, victims of most computer viruses acquried them by booting them up forom an infected floppy disk”</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3 waves followed - macro viruses, worm, and viruses specific to PDAs and digital telephone waves 18</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Information can be destroyed or degraded. Duplicity can avoid destrcution, while proclivity in misleading information can degrade the value of stealing information 20-1</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Information used to manage information can have value, such as protocol, programs, or files on system management attacks on information and information systems are distinct entities,content and management 22</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Unlike physical operations, cyber operations are much more likely to result in a stalling out or non-operating system than an operating system under false commands because computers are very effective at recognizing false information 27 */ this is where syntactic control is important</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">The intent and legal treatment of computer network attacks (hacking) and exploitation is different, though the mechanisms and skills requisite for each are similar. “Destruction of information is more likely than eavesdropping to be percieved as an act of war” 29</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">To compare a nuclear threat to a cyberthreat is like a firestorm vs. a snow storm. Different cities have different resiliencies to snowstorms, but not firestorms, snowstorm costs are greater but distributed, and the negative effects of a snowstorm are temporary for the most part while firestorms leave permanent damage. 39</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">One major break in this analysis is that nuclear warfare is real and happened while a large scale cyberattack has not yet been experienced in wartime 41</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Information Warfare against Command and Control</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Assessing War </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Assessing cybersecurity</span></div>
<ol style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Cyber damage assessment in battle</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Relative Strength of our own cyberforces as advantage</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Vulnerabilities in context of pre-existing conditions systems, architectures and definitions</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Impacts effects to cybersystems and those dependent on them</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Liklihoods chaces that an attack initiates * chances that an attack is realized once initiated</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">267</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Effects of cybersecurity breach</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Operational effects</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Monetary losses</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Rep effects</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">270</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A risk estimate may be prepared as a vector of scores 274</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Civlian cyber targest in conflict zone may be OK, some opponents may not follow LOAC 278</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Russian partisans in Georgia</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Aggressive cyber attacks</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Defaced websites</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Interruption of internet xion</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">-- LOAC prohbits participation of partisans in warfare without direct state control</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">UN Charter and LOAC apply to cyberspace 281</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">>> Tallin Manual</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Security for McAffee detected 100k new malware samples per day in 2012 282</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Surviving cyber War</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Victoria’s Secret DDoS</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Don’s Best Sports: Private defense against DoS: </span></div>
<ol style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Robust Servers</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">High levels of Bandwidth</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">63</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Spurious BGP as DoS attacks: Youtube in Pakistan 70</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">@War</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">“Reachback” -> synthesis of tac and strat intel, developed after the “Prophet” intelligence machinery, designed for Korea, proved ineffective against a decentralized enemy such as those found in the Middle East.</span></div>
<br /></div>
f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-63071857347948084012018-02-01T06:02:00.001-08:002018-02-01T06:02:25.150-08:00ITech 2018 Jim Reuter Deputy Associate Administrator NASA Space Technology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="p1">
ITech 2018 Jim Reuter Deputy Associate Administrator NASA Space Technology</div>
<div class="p1">
Notes Transcribed by Paul Andreas Fischer</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
If you are in the imaging business and you look at it from the input to the output, the possibilities for application are limitless.</div>
<div class="p1">
As long as you have a measure of urgency, you can use academic debate to reach a solution.</div>
<div class="p1">
Ten winners have been selected and another 3 will be given.</div>
<div class="p1">
Today is the day ten years ago that Columbia happened. Remembering Columbia.</div>
<div class="p1">
I remember exactly where I was at the time. I was at Time Square.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It was the 15th birthday of my twin daughters.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Strategic thrusts</div>
<div class="p1">
4 mega drivers lead to 6 technology thrusts</div>
<div class="p1">
Mega drivers:</div>
<div class="p1">
Increasing access- to our systems</div>
<div class="p1">
Accelerating pace of discovery - all we have to do is look at the planetary exploration and the emergence of private industrial investment, and even of private finances leading the way</div>
<div class="p1">
Democratization of space - much broader participation, emphasis on public partnerships, and greater international participation. NGO investments in space was 3.9 billion, the increase was exponential after being flat for years, beginning in earnest in ’15. ISS as a cohesive agent.</div>
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Growing utilization of space - the nascent form of industry, sees manufacturing for use in space and on earth, assembly and mining <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
<div class="p1">
These were four concepts when we considered which thrust to emphasize.</div>
<div class="p1">
Strategic thrust</div>
<div class="p1">
Accelerate industrialization - servicing, manufacturing, assembly there are many different parts to the process. Searching for life on another planet is an example. If we can assemble machinery onsite it will be faster and safer to transport the mechanisms</div>
<div class="p1">
Safe and efficiency - even if we have to travel interstellar by the gram-size using directed laser energy, that is an example of how we have been willing to spend 100 million before.</div>
<div class="p1">
increasing access to planetary surfaces - good places to land tend to be lest interesting, so hazard landing etc is important, we have a mechanism on landing Mars 2020</div>
<div class="p1">
enable next generations of space discovery - we hope to greatly enhance data quantity and quality. Where those next generations can be on our icy moons, such as Europa. We believe there to be water and volcanic activity, yielding the essential ingredients to life, if we can drill through 5 miles of ice, and radiation and other hurdles.</div>
<div class="p1">
enable humans t o live and explore in space and on planetary surfaces - Space habitation, radiation protection, increased crew effectiveness. I worked 7 years on the ISS from 1993 to 2000 on life support. We went through alot of iterations on how we could make ISS with multiple partners, with the Russians, we had the advantage of doing so close to earth, with a solid logistical supply. Our return capability on Mars will make us limited, we need robotics and other capabilities to enhance our abilities.</div>
<div class="p1">
Grow and utilize the US industrial and academic base - iTech is part of achieving Nasa’s dream. Most of the time, 35 years at NASA, have been spent in logistics. We never bought services, we never did any of the cooperation with the private sector that we do today, so once you are used to doing something in one way, you have to adapt.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Space Technology Programs</div>
<div class="p1">
Early Stage</div>
<div class="p1">
NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts</div>
<div class="p1">
Space Tech Research Grants</div>
<div class="p1">
Center Innovation Fund</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Game Changing Development</div>
<div class="p1">
Small Spacecraft Tech</div>
<div class="p1">
\<br />
Commercial partnerships</div>
<div class="p1">
iTech</div>
<div class="p1">
SBIR/STTR</div>
<div class="p1">
tech transfer</div>
<div class="p1">
Flight opp</div>
<div class="p1">
Centinial challenge</div>
<div class="p1">
Regional econ dev</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
I do not have time to go through all of these.</div>
<div class="p1">
We are probably at about 8 now</div>
<div class="p1">
Some of these are industry specific</div>
<div class="p1">
But these can be conducted by anyone, such as NIAC, we pay 125k for research project and if we like it we up the pay to 500k for a further 2 years studying the topic.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
We express the privilege to utilize the tech, but beyond that we exercise no additional copyrights</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
We see ourselves as the best in the world, approval for phase 1 gives 125k for 6 months, and phase 2 gives 750k for two years this leads to a contract phase.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
We sponsor payloads for suborbital platforms, and we do not pay for the payloads, but we provide the launch and a small amount of money for integration. Servicer and payload get manifested.</div>
<div class="p1">
My time is up but I also address regional economic development and centennial challenges.</div>
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f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-71810931451063572592018-01-31T16:11:00.001-08:002018-01-31T16:11:11.052-08:00Zorb<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
2018 NASA iTech Cycle I<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
notes transcribed by Paul Andreas Fischer</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tacile interface for communication<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Not a map you see, but a map you feel, for blind people, is
a centuries old idea<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If you think about the technologies you interact with on a
day to day basis, probably a screen<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Millions of people rely on inefficient communication and
their vision and hearing are overloaded<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sematic labs thinks about communication, and believes they
have found another way of solving the problem: communicating information by
touch<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The product is Zorb, as a hardware desing to enable delivery
of information through touch<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The helmet draws your eyes to areas that need attention,
such as an emergency<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The sensations created by the software allow creation of
sensations to communicate anything.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
20 multi-billion dollar business have expressed interest<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We have created a pipeline of patented products that allow
us to creat an IP viable line<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The pre-order campaign raised 25k, and it took 9 months to
deliver the first version of the hardware for users<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Collection of feedback has allowed the next generation to
emerge<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3 objectives<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Industrial safety<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Military coordination<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Augmented reality<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The technology of touch has not evolved in 20 years.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We are currently raising 500k to evaluate the effectiveness
of the technology in specific controlled circumstances. To demonstrate how many
lives are saved, how easy it is to send a message by touch, and exactly what
efficiency is gained.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our product is not like a pager, which is on or off, our
product allows a wide variety of signals to be sent, from proximity alarms to
the value of a pressure gauge.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our team is comprised of employees from google,
entrepreneurs, biologists, and more<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So the next concept is how to take this technology to space.
There are unique conditions and communication failures that can occur in space.
This can be beneficial in a space suit, underwater, or in the factories where
equipment is manufactured.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Q you have exclusivity in the field, and the product is
already prepared for use. My question is what about security? Sensitive fields
such as military might not want to allow hacking that could compromise their
objectives? Is your defense an external platform or a cybersecurity focus?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A Our team coordinates with teams in the intelligence
communities with separate encryption, our Bluetooth would not be active, the
security is handed off on transfer.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Q Is your objective to create a new language of touch that
can be used across multiple platforms?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A precisely, you already have specific emotions and
responses to specific stimuli and we are able to utilize this to promote the
coherency of our technology.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Q you hope to quantify how many lives you expect to save?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A exactly, by using games such as football, and the
technology we can use the data from a coach giving insturctions to players as a
base line for how effective it will be in the field.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Q where are the signals coming from and how are they
controlled?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A right now all of the signals have a human in the loop, so
there is a human who initiates the signals. We can coordinate this how you
want.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
f3u3rfr31http://www.blogger.com/profile/06519413564259253260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4375027601501861475.post-34816863586926169732017-12-11T14:37:00.001-08:002017-12-13T23:57:45.753-08:00Transformation of Laval: How an Anti-War Politician Collaborated in the Final Solution and Germany’s Attempted Supreme Victory in Europe<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="c2">Transformation of Laval: How an Anti-War Politician Collaborated in the Final Solution and Germany’s Attempted Supreme Victory in Europe</span></div>
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<span class="c0">Paul Andreas Fischer</span></div>
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<span class="c0">11/26/2017</span></div>
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<span class="c0">Professor Steven Zdatny</span></div>
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<span class="c10">Word count: 4,971</span></div>
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<span class="c2">Table of Contents</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="t.10f7e7d7b8cb203695e267c0bb2474c24c3f5369"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="t.0"></a><table class="c38"><tbody>
<tr class="c30"><td class="c20" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c7">
<span class="c0">Methods and Context of the Rise and Legacy of Pierre Laval</span></div>
</td><td class="c31" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">3</span></div>
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<tr class="c30"><td class="c20" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c7">
<span class="c0">A Young Man With Promise Grew Into A Politician Who Kept Promises</span></div>
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<span class="c0">5</span></div>
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<span class="c0">The Onset of the Madness of War: Two Decisions Demonstrative of Collaboration</span></div>
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<span class="c0">8</span></div>
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<span class="c0">1943: Obstructionism Loses Favor and Laval Loses Hope in Revolution</span></div>
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<span class="c0">11</span></div>
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<span class="c0">The Fundamentals of Collaboration: Pierre Laval’s Calculated Decision to Give Germany a Final Year of War and a Second Chance</span></div>
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<span class="c0">13</span></div>
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<span class="c0">Nazi Germany and Oil </span></div>
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<span class="c10">Laval Protects the German </span><span class="c10 c9">Lebensraum</span></div>
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<span class="c0">17</span></div>
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<span class="c0">Negotiating the Road from D-Day to V-Day</span></div>
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<span class="c0">20</span></div>
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<span class="c0">Appendix A</span></div>
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<span class="c0">Appendix B</span></div>
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<span class="c0">References</span></div>
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<span class="c2">Methods and Context of the Rise and Legacy of Pierre Laval</span></div>
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<span class="c0"> Pierre Laval has been made out to be a brutal leader, even a butcher, according to some accounts of his leadership of Vichy France in Germany. In order to evacuate a structured analysis of the polemic criticism made in the post-war period and by his contemporary critics, it is necessary to skeptically evaluate the evidence in a dispassionate manner. The information at hand is enormous; the career of Pierre Laval oversaw the rise of the French Left, the recovery from the Great Depression, the breaking of the chains that surrounded Germany in the form of a web of alliances, and of course the events of the Second World War. For the sake of clarity and focus, attention will be centered on the last of these. It should be clear that his early clairvoyance as an acclaimed leader of France, one who spoke with the voice of the French people, devolved as a result of increasing isolation into full-fledged barbarity and collaboration with the actions of occupying Nazi Germany.</span></div>
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<span class="c0"> Even with the jackboot firmly placed upon the neck of Laval, it was not a matter of intentionality or functionality. Laval’s stated intention was to restore the honor of France, and he had promised Hitler he would do this without rebellion or at the expense of Germany. As such, the restoration of France’s honor to Laval meant an intrinsically collaborationist relationship with the Germans from the beginning. It is the marked escalation of this relationship and the critical support Laval was able to offer Hitler that must be thoroughly investigated.</span></div>
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<span class="c0"> In order to support this thesis a brief history of the background of the career and qualifications of Pierre Laval will be provided. In addition to the direct military support and the supplementary labor he provided will be elaborated on. These shed light on the influences and decision-making procedure of the French politician. In definition of the distinction between collaborator and a complicit actor in a deadly game of treason, it is possible to delineate some of the specificity proposed in conceptualization of the reality of his career. For a motive, it is easy to point to the ambition of a driven working man characterized by diligence. In this case, the path of least resistance is most certainly incorrect. Instead of tracing a complex series of career decisions admittedly marked by opportunism, a specific emphasis on crucial decisions will prove more useful. </span></div>
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<span class="c0"> There is a strong temptation to drift into the long-term development of the personality and professionalism of Pierre Laval. This must be put aside for a concrete understanding of his actions during the war. His role in the humiliation of France is best viewed through the corrective lenses of the psychological tropes of the ashes of defeat. In order to do this the period subsequent to his break in defensible logic will be examined. The rationalization that existed behind his early-war actions of fear of coup, of German retaliation, and of the nobility of his cause had been demolished by years of occupation when he commended the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism and as he begged Hitler to accept workers for his machinery of armaments. During this late period, he may be judged in the nude, without the pretense of rebellion or chains that fettered his early legitimate work of collaboration and obstruction.</span></div>
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<span class="c0"> Marshall Pétain, the Grand Marshall of France, was well-known to have gone mad in his old age and his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. A similar irrationality may have been at play in the actions of Vice-President Laval. In neither case would such a defense have been applicable in the crimes against humanity that could be leveled against these tables with evidence compiled by the French state in the 90s. Included in the crimes against humanity trials are tens of thousands of documents that show a grim determination to co-operate in one of the worst incidents of state-sponsored mass-murder in the history of humankind: the Holocaust. While the attempted suicide and execution of Pierre Laval spared him this trial, looking at his behavior in his last and most important trial will yield insights into the nature of his conviction, as well as to his behavior beforehand.</span></div>
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<span class="c2">A Young Man With Promise Grew Into A Politician Who Kept Promises</span></div>
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<span class="c10"> Pierre Laval was not by any means a hated figure at the time of the humiliation in 1940. In fact, immediately after defeat he gained popularity already stunted only by his ambition to utilize it. As a young man, the child of a post-master and apparently destined for the same work, he read his books for university while driving a horse carriage. After studying enough, he took on two jobs in order to fulfill his academic ambitions that saw him graduate as an </span><span class="c10 c9">avocat</span><span class="c0"> with promise.</span></div>
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<span class="c10"> In court, before and during the First World War, he displayed brilliance as an attorney by gathering evidence and using it for socialist causes. This meant he was originally a politician who was fundamentally anti-war, except for what he viewed as the only just struggle in class conflict. While he remained a “socialist of the heart” until his death, he officially broke from the party after his defeat in election in 1919.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt1" id="ftnt_ref1">[1]</a></sup><span class="c0"> This falling out with Socialists and the Communist Party would come back to bite him later.</span></div>
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<span class="c10"> In both cases before the war during which Laval rose above his rank as a Senator, a strong argument can be made that he could not have done so at a worse time. As Prime Minister in 1930, the onset of the global depression baffled economists and politicians. His initial instinctive instructions to firmly adhere to a balanced budget later saved the French economy. It became apparent in France, as had been the case in the United States with President Hoover’s construction projects and later the “New Deal” from Roosevelt, that stimulus would be necessitated.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt2" id="ftnt_ref2">[2]</a></sup><span class="c10"> Hoover agreed to co-operate with French plans for German reparations under certain conditions.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt3" id="ftnt_ref3">[3]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="c10">Laval further demonstrated his economic mastery by funding such stimulus with taxes limited to the highest-paid government workers and by keeping the subsequent reduction in their income lower than the rate of deflation.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt4" id="ftnt_ref4">[4]</a></sup><span class="c10"> Leaving office in 1935, he saw the economy had recovered and even if some of his policies did not have their intended effect, economics dictates that one must pay to gain.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt5" id="ftnt_ref5">[5]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="c10"> As a diplomat, however, in 1936 his attempt to fortify the chain about Hitler was undermined by the opposition of the Socialists in France to a Franco-Italian alliance and by the violation by the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of the fifth clause of the Versailles Treaty in 1935.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt6" id="ftnt_ref6">[6]</a></sup><span class="c10"> The failure to forge the links made him less of a diplomatic blacksmith than a whack-a-mole. He received the blessing of Stalin and signed a five year agreement, the Franco-Soviet Pact of Mutual Assistance originally planned by Louis Barthou in the mid-1930s in response to German violations of the Versailles treaty in the reintroduction of conscription.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt7" id="ftnt_ref7">[7]</a></sup><span class="c10"> The ink was hardly dry when socialists and French leftists supported by Stalin decried Laval with slogans of “Jail all the fascists!” and “Laval must resign!” His departure from the popular front to the National Bloc may have been necessary to his political survival but now it would make the containment of Hitler difficult and even impossible. Despite his actions to curtail German ambitions, policies such as accepting a statement of credit secured two thirds by British banks and one third by French banks in lieu of direct German reparations at the behest of the French Financial Minister Snowden and American President Hoover compromised his position as a leader using financial instruments to further the interests of France.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt8" id="ftnt_ref8">[8]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="c10">Pierre Laval demonstrated effective negotiating skills and diplomatic prowess in his ill-fated attempt to establish a lasting alliance with the Italy of Mussolini, and if not for the Marxist skeletons in his closet and British disapproval, a secret agreement would have initiated a declaration of war upon Germany in the event of the coming Austrian annexation.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt9" id="ftnt_ref9">[9]</a></sup><span class="c0"> Laval was close to bringing Hitler’s ambitions to terms against the might of a unified Europe already in 1935. The short-lived rise of the Popular Front he had abandoned in 1919 spelled the end of his ambitions to forge a dominant alliance through Europe.</span></div>
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<span class="c0">When England agreed to allow German rearmament in the form of U-boat construction, Laval was one of the few to realize that Hitler’s ambition reached beyond his borders and recovery from the damage of the Great Depression. The young German leader had worked out an alternative, though more limited, solution in hyperinflation and was desperate to impart a dystopian vision upon not only Germany but across Europe. Leaders did not yet know how dark this vision was.</span></div>
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<span class="c0"> </span></div>
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<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> Pierre Laval became Vice-President of France under the Grand Marshall Pétain. As a war hero from the battle of Verdun in the First World War, Pétain was a trophy for Hitler but allowed Laval to secure formidable respect and power in the period of the Armistice. At its front, the agreement to cease hostilities, barely and controversially approved by what would later become the Allied nations of America and Great Britain, seemed an easy way out of what would become a bitter and expensive military conflict. It is important not to forget at this time that the USSR had divided Poland with Germany in their neutrality pact. They could become allied with the Axis powers at any time and that America remained lamentably neutral. The very treaty that created Vichy France, in which Laval was now in a position of power, included the word collaboration in the third article.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt10" id="ftnt_ref10">[10]</a></sup></div>
<div class="c7 c33">
<span class="c10">In addition to the aforementioned creation of a battalion of soldiers to aid German directives on the Eastern Front, one that would later be attached to the SS Waffen, and his supplication of workers for the German cause, Pierre Laval demonstrated a willingness to engage in brutal measures through the employment of a domestic militia actively employed to solidify his own power. This was necessary because, while Laval was a successful politician and skillful negotiator, he had trouble solidifying popular support with a nation that resented their occupiers. The phrase, “les boches nous prennent tous!” hung on the lips of every Frenchman</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt11" id="ftnt_ref11">[11]</a></sup><span class="c0">.</span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> Closer to his trial, he would attempt to distance himself from the </span><span class="c10 c9">Milice</span><span class="c10"> as the sole project of the butcher Bousquet, and Laval entertained paranoid delusions that the media conspired against both him and this leader of the interrogatory police militia.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt12" id="ftnt_ref12">[12]</a></sup><span class="c10"> This is confounded by his claims to use such organizations as a means of obstructing the German presence in France. The most notable of these goals was to head off the antisemitic ambition of Darquier de Pellepoix with creation of the Commission on the Jewish Question and cessation of the raids by the special police.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt13" id="ftnt_ref13">[13]</a></sup><span class="c10"> By pre-empting the German attempt to deport the Jews, and in later negotiations with sympathetic diplomats such as Otto Abetz, Laval successfully saved nearly 90% of French-born Jews.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt14" id="ftnt_ref14">[14]</a></sup><span class="c10"> Approximately the same proportion of civilian casualties was suffered by this sub-group of European Jews sought after by the SS as the general civilian population in Europe.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt15" id="ftnt_ref15">[15]</a></sup><span class="c10"> Evidence before total occupation shows that in the first two thirds of deportations the vast majority of Jews deported were in the Occupied Zone and estimates of the mass murder using this corrective lens can be seen in table 3.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt16" id="ftnt_ref16">[16]</a></sup><span class="c10"> Darquier claimed at the time that Laval artificially suppressed the number of what he claimed to be a 54,000 strong community of foreign-born Jews in unoccupied France to just 11,000.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt17" id="ftnt_ref17">[17]</a></sup><span class="c0"> If substantiated, the claim corroborates the assertion that Laval actively obstructed the deportation of foreign and native-born French Jews during World War II. Using either statistic, however, betrays the filth that Laval had to cover himself in to make deals with the Germans.</span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c0"> It was not a moment of diplomatic mastery for Laval, however, and an inverse proportion of foreign-born Jews were killed on French soil or through deportation procedures. In fact, documentation has been made available showing that he actively ‘traded’ this population for the other. In this manner, the ultimate humiliation of the nation of France was achieved. Regardless of the legality of the means of escape for the population of foreign-born Jews to France, by negotiating and using them as a bargaining chip for the return of hostages, POWs, or supplies the highest echelons in French government not only took the complicit role it is known for in the Final Solution, but became traders in the flesh. Worse, with the execution of the wanted Jews in the ensuing Holocaust, France became a partner in the sale of the blood of civilians.</span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c2">1943: Obstructionism Loses Favor and Laval Loses Hope in Revolution</span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> 1942 and ‘43 were turning points in the Second World War. For Laval it represented a period in which he returned to a more prominent place after a year of ‘mingling in crowds’ and out of the spotlight while François Darlan took over the operating government. GDP tables demonstrate how the early war had changed the economic makeup of Europe.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt18" id="ftnt_ref18">[18]</a></sup><span class="c0"> Tactically, the German underbelly seemed safe after deployment of elite soldiers to Tunisia halted the complicating Allied Operation Torch and the Eastern frontier appeared to be yielding resources.</span></div>
<div class="c7 c33">
<span class="c10">Before the American Army was immobilized in the mud of North Africa, Hitler asked Laval for a conscript army of North African Imperial Legionaries to serve with the Germans. This was prior to Laval having lost hope in the Allied cause.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt19" id="ftnt_ref19">[19]</a></sup><span class="c0"> Nonetheless, the formation of this battalion in the days that his opinion began to turn in a dark fashion to sympathize with Nazis created the foundation for broader French involvement in crimes against humanity and for Laval to make an offer that would give the Reich extra precious months at a cost of between a quarter and half a million Jewish lives each month.</span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> Laval initiated a furious debate with himself on the topic and what pursued was among the most humiliating and tragic decisions of France’s military history. One afternoon, at the last minute and perhaps at the whim of a Tarot reading, Laval approached the microphone to broadcast an appeal to all conservative Frenchmen. Over ten thousand paranoiacs and radicals signed up for what became known as the French Volunteers Against Bolshevism. Many were rejected as unfit to serve, but a legion of 5,000 was eventually prepared and deployed in German uniforms with a French patch.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt20" id="ftnt_ref20">[20]</a></sup><span class="c10"> On February 8 1942, the legion was deployed to Eastern Europe to fight in German uniforms. Laval did make later attempts to bring them under direct French control but in doing so made them stronger.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt21" id="ftnt_ref21">[21]</a></sup><span class="c10"> By May 1942, 150,000 workers had joined Germans in the factories.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt22" id="ftnt_ref22">[22]</a></sup></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> This was followed by a period of political inaction. This is an interesting development historically because while historians such as Robert Paxton and Kenneth Brody do include Hitler’s request, the commendation that Laval issued to the battlegroup that was formed is overlooked. Pierre Laval’s own diary indicts him in this case. It has already been discussed that he encouraged the unit’s use in Eastern Europe rather than in North Africa, but he also believed this to be a better strategic decision for Germany.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt23" id="ftnt_ref23">[23]</a></sup><span class="c0"> The soldiers were much needed by the Third Reich and after taking casualties numbering over half of the unit, the remaining volunteers formed ranks in Paris and the unit was redeployed into the SS Waffen. The last deportation of Jews from France would later occur in Paris as the American army advanced upon the city to secure liberation.</span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c0"> The discussion of this unit is primarily symbolic. The consternation Laval exhibited in issuing a commendation to them in 1943 empirically proves this symbolism was controversial at the time as well. In later times, had Laval not been convicted of the humiliation of France, the recruitment of French soldiers to the SS Waffen for the explicit purpose of killing civilian Jews and political leaders would have weighed heavily against him in a trial of crimes against humanity. Combined with his negotiation for the return of French-born Jews at the cost of foreign-born Jews, Pierre Laval’s malfeasance in leadership and misunderstanding of the interest of France is are both laid bare.</span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c2">The Fundamentals of Collaboration: Pierre Laval’s Calculated Decision to Give Germany a Final Year of War and a Second Chance</span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> The moment Laval lost hope in Allied victory or even restoration of France as he had formerly conceived it, and as General de Gaulle portrayed it, also marks a distinct about face in the nature of the acts of collaboration. This development operates in tandem with the marked reduction his obstructionist activity. By taking an extended break from politics in this critical war-period, he established a period of non-contact before making an about-face in policy with profound implications. The proof lies in his popularly quoted “hope” for supreme German victory in 1942.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt24" id="ftnt_ref24">[24]</a></sup><span class="c0"> His restoration to power by Pétain at the request of the Germans initiated a series of decisions with bloody consequences that must be skeptically evaluated because circumstances seldom offered him much choice. </span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> The seriousness of the allied situation already in 1941 can be seen by returning to table 2. The entry of America into the war disrupts a fundamentally economic analysis of the war for a couple reasons it will be necessary to explain. Pierre Laval could not have foreseen the American war machine to be critical to the liberation of Europe yet. During trial after V-Day, despite Marshall Pétain’s claims not to be cognizant of Laval’s short incarceration, the former Prime Minister described the interlude as the final and only time he had felt hatred towards the figurehead of collaborationist policies in Vichy France, his Grand Marshall.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt25" id="ftnt_ref25">[25]</a></sup></div>
<div class="c7 c33">
<span class="c10">The industrial base of the United States did provide the Allies with the ability to win. In 1942, however, German U-boats were adeptly sinking such a great number of supply and war ships, that the military had to cease the deployment of these resources until a solution could be found. When the British violated the Versailles treaty and allowed the Germans to build their U-boat navy to 35% of Britain’s tonnage in the bilateral British-German treaty of 1935, they operated from the fundamental assumption that U-boats were inferior to destroyers and could only make a marginal impact on shipping or merchant concerns.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt26" id="ftnt_ref26">[26]</a></sup></div>
<div class="c7 c33">
<span class="c10">They were wrong. The Germans had sunk almost 4,000 allied merchant vessels in the Atlantic before a solution to the U-boat problem was found, and had lost just over two dozen vessels in return. In detail the </span><span class="c10 c9">Wülfgrüppe </span><span class="c10">or “wolf-pack” technique allowed the Germans to successfully raid a high percentage of merchant vessels.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt27" id="ftnt_ref27">[27]</a></sup><span class="c0"> More importantly, they were able to deploy and sink convoys that had an escort attached. By the time the Allies succeeded in mass-producing British Magnetrons in the American industrial heartland, Laval had been lost to the darkness of despair.</span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c2">Nazi Germany and Oil </span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c29 c11"> </span><span class="c0">With the Allies prepared to open a front on two sides, the Germans faced a critical decision. The “living room” of Nazi Germany, in Eastern Europe and Russia, could be protected and expanded by diverting workers from armament and synthetic oil factories to the Eastern front. Doing so, however, would put the supply of critical resources such as grain, labor, and fuel in peril. The most apparent of these resources was oil.</span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> At the outset of the war, Germany had a stockpile of 20 million barrels of oil. The war machine the Nazi empire required would cost almost this much each year. It was perhaps in recognition of this that Churchill made the courageously controversial decision to divert half of the armored units in Britain to overseas colonies, namely Egypt.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt28" id="ftnt_ref28">[28]</a></sup><span class="c0"> This was done in the face of the firestorm that became the Battle of Britain and what was assumed to be a coming German invasion.</span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c0"> While it seems as though the German plans were doomed from the start, instead they were only realistically based on projections about the continued efficiency of this extremely costly war machine. Conquest in the Mediterranean would allow the system to break even, and the Russian oil fields would permit the war machine to grow. High Command anticipated an easy compromise between the numbers of workers producing synthetic oil and their troop levels because conquered territories would provide all of the necessary raw materials. </span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> Germany was instead faced with the difficult decision of cutting into the marrow of the bone in their precious remaining fuel supplies and deploying soldiers to the protective shell of territory gained in Operation Barbarossa. The year after the initial deployment of the 4 million strong </span><span class="c10 c9">Wehrmacht</span><span class="c10"> saw the loss of around 420,000 German soldiers.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt29" id="ftnt_ref29">[29]</a></sup><span class="c0"> Revitalizing these divisions completely exhausted military units and new conscription from factories would be necessitated in order to continue offensive operations or even to defend Germany. </span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> During this early phase in Germany’s offensive war, the demand for manpower allowed a greater level of negotiation than it would later. What Laval failed to obtain at the bargaining table, he simply did not procure later. His negotiation with the Germans saw the demanded number of workers drop to a quarter of a million in 1942 and by the October only 17,000 of 150,000 crucial skilled workers were actually delivered; the unskilled workers looked unlikely to meet their quotas either.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt30" id="ftnt_ref30">[30]</a></sup><span class="c10"> This early negotiation noted that the French in North Africa and the French Navy had contributed to Germany and Laval obtained the release of 3,000 of the millions of French POWs held.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt31" id="ftnt_ref31">[31]</a></sup></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> German leadership was so attached to the idea of maintaining their grip on conquered territories that units deployed in Germany dropped to just two divisions at one point; the entirety of the war effort was focused on the perimeter. Hitler decided to bargain with chips that he did not have, and instructed Sauckel to demand 500,000 workers from Pierre Laval at a rate of 100,000 per month at the end of 1943. This demand was gargantuan under the stress of the economic times. Laval had more pressure due to intensifying mass executions of hostages as the standard response to assassinations by the Resistance.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt32" id="ftnt_ref32">[32]</a></sup><span class="c0"> The practice had initiated as a reprisal to the insubordination of François Darlan before Laval was restored to power.</span></div>
<div class="c7 c33">
<span class="c10"> While the French could not fight in great numbers for Germany, their workers could produce synthetic oil and armaments. At 3.6 million barrels of oil per year, maintaining the German synthetic oil production was critical to the war effort.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt33" id="ftnt_ref33">[33]</a></sup><span class="c0"> To put this in perspective, the oil produced in synthetic oil reactors was many folds greater than all of the oil won in the campaign into Southern Russia’s major oil fields. Success in this industry meant that Hitler could embark on a counter-offensive at his leisure while failure would spell the end of the war as Nazi Germany would return to a pre-Barbarossa deficit in the vital resource. The next time, though, there would not be the padding of reserves and the entire “empire” would grind to a halt on its own ambition. </span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c11 c29">Laval Protects the German </span><span class="c29 c9 c11 c43">Lebensraum</span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> </span><span class="c16 c11">The initial demands for workers did not present the opportunity for negotiation, and when refused the Germans doubled down in their attempt to expedite the extraction of labor from France. </span><span class="c10">After Laval’s quiet period, during which </span><span class="c16 c11">François Darlan had taken over his duties and refused to send 150,000 skilled workers to Germany the process of German execution of hostages initiated. Had Allied operations not been bungled at the Kasserine pass in Africa and stymied in Tunisia during Operation Torch, it is safe to say that this refusal may have been sufficient to supplement a three-pronged attack on Germany and won an early war.</span><sup class="c16 c11"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt34" id="ftnt_ref34">[34]</a></sup></div>
<div class="c7 c33">
<span class="c16 c11">Before Laval reclaimed his position as Prime Minister with German backing, a new German department to extract labor was established. The head of this department, Fritz Sauckel, would be responsible for obtaining hundreds of thousands of workers to replace the soldiers departed for the Eastern Front. Doing so required the expansion of German training camps, occupation, and motorized units in France.</span><sup class="c16 c11"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt35" id="ftnt_ref35">[35]</a></sup><span class="c0 c49"> Diversion of each of these hindered the German war effort.</span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c16 c11"> </span><span class="c10">Laval’s close confidant and source, the German Ambassador Otto Abetz, had been recalled to Berlin under allegations of being a francophile but Laval retained informants within the German hierarchy. He was able to intercept the incoming demand for labor prior to writing Ribbentrop, the foreign minister of Germany at the time and the man Abetz had reported to.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt36" id="ftnt_ref36">[36]</a></sup><span class="c10"> With his notorious announcement of th</span><span class="c10">e</span><span class="c10 c9"> rel</span><span class="c16 c9 c11">ève</span><span class="c16 c11">, covering the mandatory labor system, Laval hoped to pre-empt a </span><span class="c10">c</span><span class="c0">ounter-bargain and secure the return of a third of the married POWs in return for just 150,000 skilled workers. </span></div>
<div class="c7 c33">
<span class="c0">In doing so, he bargained with chips he did not have just as Hitler had played with chips he did not have by deploying Sauckel to France and preparing for an increased occupation of France. In the final days of the war this would become a total annexation in one of Hitler’s mad split decisions and about-turns that marked his leadership style throughout the war. The behavior of Pierre Laval indicates he did not foresee this annexation coming, and while skilled workers were late and few to meet German demands, only 50,000, a couple percent of the total, “peasant” POWs returned to their families.</span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> The final demand for 500,000 workers by Germany was refused, though Laval agreed to send the remainder of the 60,000 workers from the 350,000 agreed upon in early 1943.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt37" id="ftnt_ref37">[37]</a></sup><span class="c10"> He slavishly begs for France to be treated generously as a defeated nation. While this statement from France, recorded in the report of Sauckel back to the Führer, is courageous, in August 1943 it comes too late to save the reputation of Laval. His offer of one worker for every POW returned to France torpedoed his popular opinion rating among the French and extended a needed hand to the flagging German economy.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt38" id="ftnt_ref38">[38]</a></sup><span class="c0"> He may have realized the coming Allied victory, but the damage done by providing critical workers six months before and extending the war had already been done.</span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10"> In October 1943 the P-51 fighter accompanied the B-17 Flying Fortress on the first successful strategic bombing runs of southern Germany and by April 1, 1944 the war for air supremacy had been won thanks to the long-range fighters.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt39" id="ftnt_ref39">[39]</a></sup><span class="c10"> Targeting synthetic fuel depots, this military technology succeeded where Laval’s integrity had failed. As a long-range fighter plane, day-time bombing campaigns were initiated and forced Hitler to recall dozens of remaining troop divisions to form, for the first time since the Maginot line, a home front in Germany. American daytime bombing campaigns could measure their accuracy in feet while the sledgehammer of British nighttime bombing runs measured accuracy in miles.</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt40" id="ftnt_ref40">[40]</a></sup><span class="c10"> Without fuel for the armored divisions to launch a counteroffensive, low levels of aviation fuel for the </span><span class="c10 c9">Luftwaffe </span><span class="c0">and inadequate defensive forces, the Third Reich and their Axis allies would crumble within a year.</span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c2">Negotiating the Road from D-Day to V-Day</span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c2"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c0"> The year and a half of darkness that dominated the decision making process of Pierre Laval may have lifted by the time the P-51 fighter was deployed and Allied air control and victory became clear. At this point, it should be emphasized, Laval could never rectify his actions in the past. The war was won by brute force, and he would never again stand with the opportunity to sacrifice his political career under the Axis in order to save the French cause, and the lives of the millions of victims of Nazi persecution during 1943 and 1944.</span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c0"> The guilt for his actions, and the profundity of his failure to obtain critical pieces of information that could have guided him to make a more conscientious decision at the time must have weighed heavily upon him. He knew of the German oil shortage, the pressing needs of the Eastern Front, and that his workers would provide Germany with a critical second chance. The most important component to the argument that indicts Laval using the evidence at hand is the psychological atmosphere of despair that impaired his decision making process. Before his execution at the hands of the French government under charges of humiliating France, he attempted suicide by cyanide.</span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c0"> Demonstration of the symbolic role that Pierre Laval played in the destruction that Germany wrought upon France, Europe, and the world necessitates supplementary evidence. Inclusion of data regarding the holocaust is evidence of a level of collaboration horrific to today’s reader. The Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism provides a tempered look at the level of complicity and collaboration that Pierre Laval played in the course of the occupation.</span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c0"> There is a deeper penetration into the submerged mechanisms of political and military developments with the analysis of the conscripted labor forces. There is a timeline in the development of the German demands and Laval’s cooperation that develops a sturdy understanding of the Second World War. The negotiation process offered by Laval, and the importance of his actions to the natural resource crisis experienced by the German war machine eliminates doubt that he created a role crucial to the outcome of the war. The tragedy is that he failed to use this position to aid the allies at such a critical moment. With few other options and despair dominating his psychology, he had to make a difficult decision. Failure to aid the Allied cause with every resource and opportunity is still fundamentally a failure.</span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c10">Appendix A: GDP Tables Before and After the German Occupation of France</span><sup class="c10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt41" id="ftnt_ref41">[41]</a></sup></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c0">Table 1: Allied and Axis GDPs in 1939</span></div>
<div class="c17 c23">
<span class="c28 c21 c41"></span></div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="t.8fb154a606abefbbcf6135e27493f832a3292428"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="t.1"></a><table class="c38"><tbody>
<tr class="c27"><td class="c42" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Allied</span></div>
</td><td class="c32" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">GDP (billions)</span></div>
</td><td class="c40" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Axis</span></div>
</td><td class="c34" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">GDP (billions)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c27"><td class="c42" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">France</span></div>
</td><td class="c32" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">23</span></div>
</td><td class="c40" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Germany</span></div>
</td><td class="c34" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">55</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c27"><td class="c42" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">UK</span></div>
</td><td class="c32" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">45</span></div>
</td><td class="c40" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">USSR*</span></div>
</td><td class="c34" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">59.5</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c27"><td class="c42" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c3">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
</td><td class="c32" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c3">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
</td><td class="c40" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Japan</span></div>
</td><td class="c34" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">27.5</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c27"><td class="c42" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Total</span></div>
</td><td class="c32" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">68</span></div>
</td><td class="c40" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Total*</span></div>
</td><td class="c34" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">92.5 (142)</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="c4">
<span class="c8">* The USSR was neutral to Germany by means of a mutual non-aggression pact but could join war against Allies</span></div>
<div class="c6">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c7">
<span class="c0">Table 2: Allied and Axis GDPs Prior to Pearl Harbor:</span></div>
<div class="c23 c17">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c23 c17">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="t.1849d6d48b19d7c8dd2b1754ac0037c485defeb3"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="t.2"></a><table class="c38"><tbody>
<tr class="c27"><td class="c18" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Allied</span></div>
</td><td class="c12" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">GDP (billions)</span></div>
</td><td class="c35" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Axis</span></div>
</td><td class="c46" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">GDP (billions)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c27"><td class="c18" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">UK</span></div>
</td><td class="c12" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">49</span></div>
</td><td class="c35" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Germany</span></div>
</td><td class="c46" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">59</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c27"><td class="c18" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c3">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
</td><td class="c12" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c3">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
</td><td class="c35" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Vichy</span></div>
</td><td class="c46" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">18.5</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c27"><td class="c18" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c3">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
</td><td class="c12" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c3">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
</td><td class="c35" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Italy</span></div>
</td><td class="c46" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">20.5</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c27"><td class="c18" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c3">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
</td><td class="c12" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c3">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
</td><td class="c35" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">USSR* </span></div>
</td><td class="c46" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">51</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c27"><td class="c18" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c3">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
</td><td class="c12" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c3">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
</td><td class="c35" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Japan</span></div>
</td><td class="c46" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">28</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c27"><td class="c18" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Total</span></div>
</td><td class="c12" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">49</span></div>
</td><td class="c35" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Total*</span></div>
</td><td class="c46" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">126 (177)</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="c4">
<span class="c8">* The USSR was neutral to Germany by means of a mutual non-aggression pact but could join war against Allies</span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4">
<span class="c0">Appendix B: Estimates of French Jewish Populations in the Vichy Occupied Zone Before and After Occupation</span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Table 3: Number of French Jews in the Vichy Occupied Zone (estimate)</span></div>
<div class="c23 c17">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="t.34a817944203811dbb35806ea53d926d033dbbe0"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="t.3"></a><table class="c38"><tbody>
<tr class="c36"><td class="c13" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c3">
<span class="c0"></span></div>
</td><td class="c37" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Before World War II</span></div>
</td><td class="c25" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">After World War II</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c36"><td class="c13" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">French-born Jews</span></div>
</td><td class="c37" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">90,000</span></div>
</td><td class="c25" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">75,000</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c36"><td class="c13" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Foreign-born Jews</span></div>
</td><td class="c37" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">90,000</span></div>
</td><td class="c25" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">15,000</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="c36"><td class="c13" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">Total</span></div>
</td><td class="c37" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">180,000</span></div>
</td><td class="c25" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div class="c5">
<span class="c0">90,000</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c4 c17">
<span class="c8"></span></div>
<div class="c7 c50">
<span class="c1 c11 c48">References</span><span class="c1 c21 c11">:</span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11">Cole, Hubert., and Laval, Pierre. </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">Laval, a Biography.</span><span class="c1 c21 c11"> 1st American Ed.]. ed. New York: Putnam, 1963.</span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11">Chambrun, René De. </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">Pierre Laval : Traitor or Patriot? / René De Chambrun ; Translated by Elly Stein under the Supervision of the Author.</span><span class="c1 c21 c11"> New York: Scribner, 1984.</span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11">George, Simon, </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">WWII From Space</span><span class="c1 c21 c11">, Directed by Simon George (2012; London: October Films, 2012), DVD.</span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11">Harrison, Mark. </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">The Economics of World War II : Six Great Powers in International Comparison / Edited by Mark Harrison.</span><span class="c1 c21 c11"> Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.</span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11">Jacquemin, Gaston. </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">La Vie Publique De Pierre Laval 1883-1945.</span><span class="c1 c11 c21"> Paris: Plon, 1973.</span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11">Laval, Pierre. </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">The Diary of Pierre Laval / with a Pref. by Josée Laval.</span><span class="c1 c21 c11"> New York: AMS Press, 1978.</span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11">Messenger, Charles. </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">The Chronological Atlas of World War Two / Text by Charles Messenger.</span><span class="c1 c21 c11"> New York: Macmillan, 1989.</span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11"> Reynolds, David, </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">Hitler’s Soft Underbelly</span><span class="c1 c21 c11">, Directed by Russel Barnes (2011; London: Clear Story, 2011), DVD.</span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11">Germany . Statistisches Bundesamt. </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">Statistisches Jahrbuch ... Für Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland.</span><span class="c1 c21 c11">, 1960.</span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11">Stranges, Anthony. "Germany’s synthetic fuel industry, 1927–1945." In </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">The German Chemical Industry in the Twentieth Century</span><span class="c1 c21 c11">, pp. 147-216. Springer Netherlands, 2000. </span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11">Thomson, David. </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">Two Frenchmen: Pierre Laval and Charles De Gaulle.</span><span class="c1 c21 c11"> London: Cresset Press, 1951.</span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11">Warner, Geoffrey. </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France</span><span class="c1 c21 c11">. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1968.</span></div>
<div class="c14">
<span class="c1 c11">Werrell, Kenneth P. "The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II: Costs and Accomplishments." </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">The Journal of American History</span><span class="c1 c11"> 73, no. 3 (1986): 702-13.</span></div>
<hr class="c15" />
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref1" id="ftnt1">[1]</a><span class="c26"> </span><span class="c1 c11">De Chambrun, Rene, </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">Pierre Laval: Traitor Or Patriot?</span><span class="c1 c11">,</span><span class="c1 c11"> (New York, Scribner Book Company, 1984), </span><span class="c28 c21 c26">30-1.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref2" id="ftnt2">[2]</a><span class="c26"> </span><span class="c1 c11">Warner, Geoffrey, </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France</span><span class="c1 c11">,</span><span class="c1 c11"> (London, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1968),</span><span class="c28 c21 c26"> 90.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref3" id="ftnt3">[3]</a><span class="c26"> </span><span class="c1 c11">Warner, Geoffrey, </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France</span><span class="c1 c11">,</span><span class="c21 c26 c28"> 47.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref4" id="ftnt4">[4]</a><span class="c10"> Hubert </span><span class="c1 c11">Cole and Pierre Laval, </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">Laval: a Biography</span><span class="c1 c11">,</span><span class="c1 c11"> (New York, Putnam, 1963), </span><span class="c0">68.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref5" id="ftnt5">[5]</a><span class="c26"> </span><span class="c1 c11">Warner, Geoffrey, </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France</span><span class="c1 c11">,</span><span class="c28 c21 c26"> 129.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref6" id="ftnt6">[6]</a><span class="c26"> </span><span class="c1 c11">Jacquemin, Gaston, </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">La Vie Publique de Pierre Laval, 1883-1945</span><span class="c1 c11">, </span><span class="c1">(Paris, Plon, 1973), </span><span class="c28 c21 c26">101.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref7" id="ftnt7">[7]</a><span class="c26"> </span><span class="c1">Thomson, David, </span><span class="c1 c9">Two Frenchmen: Pierre Laval and Charles de Gaulle</span><span class="c1">. (London, The Cresset Press, 1951), 47.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref8" id="ftnt8">[8]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Jacquemin, Gaston, </span><span class="c1 c9">La Vie Publique de Pierre Laval, 1883-1945</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c43 c19 c41 c44"> 83-5.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref9" id="ftnt9">[9]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Thomson, David, </span><span class="c1 c9">Two Frenchmen: Pierre Laval and Charles de Gaulle</span><span class="c1">, 50.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref10" id="ftnt10">[10]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Laval, Pierre, </span><span class="c1 c9">The Diary of Pierre Laval</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41">, (New York, AMB, 1978), 76.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref11" id="ftnt11">[11]</a><span class="c1">Jacquemin, Gaston, </span><span class="c1 c9">La Vie Publique de Pierre Laval, 1883-1945</span><span class="c1">, </span><span class="c1">180. </span><span class="c19">The term </span><span class="c19 c9">boche</span><span class="c19"> is derogatory slang for the German occupiers. The slogan translates to: “the Germans have taken all that is ours.”</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref12" id="ftnt12">[12]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Laval, Pierre, </span><span class="c1 c9">The Diary of Pierre Laval</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> 105.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref13" id="ftnt13">[13]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c19">Hubert </span><span class="c1">Cole and Pierre Laval, </span><span class="c1 c9">Laval: a Biography</span><span class="c1">, </span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41">210.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref14" id="ftnt14">[14]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Laval, Pierre, </span><span class="c1 c9">The Diary of Pierre Laval</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c19"> 99. Pierre Laval made attempts to save the lives of French nationals before others. </span><span class="c26"> </span><span class="c1 c11">De Chambrun, Rene, </span><span class="c1 c9 c11">Pierre Laval: Traitor Or Patriot?</span><span class="c1 c11">, </span><span class="c26">30-1. Pierre Laval attempted to save nearly 95% of French-born Jews.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref15" id="ftnt15">[15]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Messenger, Charles. </span><span class="c1 c9">The Chronological Atlas of World War Two</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c1"> (New York, Macmillan, 1989). The total population of Europe prior to the Second World War was around 420 million and conservative estimates of civilian casualties are 50 million.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref16" id="ftnt16">[16]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Warner, Geoffrey. </span><span class="c1 c9">Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> 305</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref17" id="ftnt17">[17]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c19">Hubert </span><span class="c1">Cole and Pierre Laval, </span><span class="c1 c9">Laval: a Biography</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> 210.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref18" id="ftnt18">[18]</a><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> Tables 1 and 2 contain GDP charts for 1939 and 1940</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref19" id="ftnt19">[19]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Laval, Pierre, </span><span class="c1 c9">The Diary of Pierre Laval</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c1"> 30. </span><span class="c19">Pierre Laval</span><span class="c21 c24 c19"> recognized German military superiority at this point in his diary. </span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref20" id="ftnt20">[20]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Laval, Pierre, </span><span class="c1 c9">The Diary of Pierre Laval</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c21 c24 c19"> 134.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref21" id="ftnt21">[21]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Warner, Geoffrey. </span><span class="c1 c9">Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> 315.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref22" id="ftnt22">[22]</a><span class="c1">Laval, Pierre, </span><span class="c1 c9">The Diary of Pierre Laval</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> 111.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref23" id="ftnt23">[23]</a><span class="c1">Laval, Pierre, </span><span class="c1 c9">The Diary of Pierre Laval</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> 32.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref24" id="ftnt24">[24]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c16 c9">United News, Release 170, 1945</span><span class="c16">. Vol. 170. United News. Neighborhood Los Angeles, CA - Hollywood: United Newsreel Corporation, 1945.</span></div>
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<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref25" id="ftnt25">[25]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Warner, Geoffrey. </span><span class="c1 c9">Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> 263.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref26" id="ftnt26">[26]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">De Chambrun, Rene. </span><span class="c1 c9">Pierre Laval: Traitor Or Patriot?</span><span class="c1">, (Scribner Book Company, 1984)</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41">, 19.</span></div>
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<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref27" id="ftnt27">[27]</a><span class="c19"> George, Simon, </span><span class="c16 c9">WWII From Space</span><span class="c16">, Directed by Simon George (2012; London: October Films, 2012), DVD.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref28" id="ftnt28">[28]</a><span class="c19"> Reynolds, David, </span><span class="c16 c9">Hitler’s Soft Underbelly</span><span class="c16">, Directed by Russel Barnes (2011; London: Clear Story, 2011), DVD.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref29" id="ftnt29">[29]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Germany, </span><span class="c1 c9">Statistisches Jahrbuch Für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c1"> (1960), 78.</span></div>
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<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref30" id="ftnt30">[30]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c19">Hubert </span><span class="c1">Cole and Pierre Laval, </span><span class="c1 c9">Laval: a Biography</span><span class="c1">, </span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> 208-9.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref31" id="ftnt31">[31]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Warner, Geoffrey. </span><span class="c1 c9">Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> 314.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref32" id="ftnt32">[32]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Thomson, David. </span><span class="c1 c9">Two Frenchmen: Pierre Laval and Charles de Gaulle</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c21 c24 c19"> 101.</span></div>
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<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref33" id="ftnt33">[33]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Stranges, Anthony. </span><span class="c1 c9">Germany’s Synthetic Fuel Industry, 1927–1945</span><span class="c1">. (Springer Netherlands, 2000), 148. The Germans produced a total of 21 million tons of liquid fuel from synthetic fuel over 6 months of war, or around 3.6 million barrels per year and just under 3 hundred thousand barrels per month.</span></div>
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<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref34" id="ftnt34">[34]</a><span class="c19"> Reynolds, David, </span><span class="c16 c9">Hitler’s Soft Underbelly</span><span class="c16">.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref35" id="ftnt35">[35]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Laval, Pierre, </span><span class="c1 c9">The Diary of Pierre Laval</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> 215.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref36" id="ftnt36">[36]</a><span class="c26"> </span><span class="c1">Warner, Geoffrey, </span><span class="c1 c9">Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France</span><span class="c28 c21 c26">, 300.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref37" id="ftnt37">[37]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Laval, Pierre, </span><span class="c1 c9">The Diary of Pierre Laval</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> 216-8.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref38" id="ftnt38">[38]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c19">Hubert </span><span class="c1">Cole and Pierre Laval, </span><span class="c1 c9">Laval: a Biography</span><span class="c1">,</span><span class="c43 c19 c44 c41"> 206-8.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref39" id="ftnt39">[39]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Werrell, Kenneth P., </span><span class="c1 c9">The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II: Costs and Accomplishments. </span><span class="c1">The Journal of American History</span><span class="c1"> 73, no. 3 (1986), 706.</span></div>
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<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref40" id="ftnt40">[40]</a><span class="c26"> </span><span class="c1">Werrell, Kenneth P., </span><span class="c1 c9">The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II: Costs and Accomplishments</span><span class="c1">, 706.</span></div>
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<div class="c4">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4375027601501861475#ftnt_ref41" id="ftnt41">[41]</a><span class="c19"> </span><span class="c1">Harrison, Mark, ed. </span><span class="c1 c9">The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison</span><span class="c1">. (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 10.</span></div>
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